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In addition, all the objects on the stack following the topmost
markobject are gathered into a tuple and popped (along with the
topmost markobject), just as for the TUPLE opcode.
Now it gets complicated. If all of these are true:
+ The argtuple is empty (markobject was at the top of the stack
at the start).
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then we want to create an old-style class instance without invoking
its __init__() method (pickle has waffled on this over the years; not
calling __init__() is current wisdom). In this case, an instance of
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__class__ attribute to the desired class object. If this succeeds,
the new instance object is pushed on the stack, and we're done.
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first insists that the class object have a __safe_for_unpickling__
attribute. Unlike as for the __safe_for_unpickling__ check in REDUCE,
it doesn't matter whether this attribute has a true or false value, it
only matters whether it exists (XXX this is a bug). If
__safe_for_unpickling__ doesn't exist, UnpicklingError is raised.
Else (the class object does have a __safe_for_unpickling__ attr),
the class object obtained from INST's arguments is applied to the
argtuple obtained from the stack, and the resulting instance object
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can be much more efficient (in both time and space) than repeatedly
embedding the module and class names in INST opcodes.
Unlike INST, OBJ takes no arguments from the opcode stream. Instead
the class object is taken off the stack, immediately above the
topmost markobject:
Stack before: ... markobject classobject stackslice
Stack after: ... new_instance_object
As for INST, the remainder of the stack above the markobject is
gathered into an argument tuple, and then the logic seems identical,
except that no __safe_for_unpickling__ check is done (XXX this is
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NOTE: In Python 2.3, INST and OBJ are identical except for how they
get the class object. That was always the intent; the implementations
had diverged for accidental reasons.
ZNEWOBJ� aL Build an object instance.
The stack before should be thought of as containing a class
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onto the stack.
Z NEWOBJ_EX� au Build an object instance.
The stack before should be thought of as containing a class
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cls.__new__(cls, *args, *kwargs) is pushed back onto the stack.
�PROTO� z�Protocol version indicator.
For protocol 2 and above, a pickle must start with this opcode.
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ZSTOP�.z�Stop the unpickling machine.
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unpickler subclass.
Z BINPERSID�QaX Push an object identified by a persistent ID.
Like PERSID, except the persistent ID is popped off the stack (instead
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>>> import pickle
>>> x = [1, 2, (3, 4), {b'abc': "def"}]
>>> pkl0 = pickle.dumps(x, 0)
>>> dis(pkl0)
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: I INT 1
8: a APPEND
9: I INT 2
12: a APPEND
13: ( MARK
14: I INT 3
17: I INT 4
20: t TUPLE (MARK at 13)
21: p PUT 1
24: a APPEND
25: ( MARK
26: d DICT (MARK at 25)
27: p PUT 2
30: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
46: p PUT 3
49: ( MARK
50: V UNICODE 'abc'
55: p PUT 4
58: V UNICODE 'latin1'
66: p PUT 5
69: t TUPLE (MARK at 49)
70: p PUT 6
73: R REDUCE
74: p PUT 7
77: V UNICODE 'def'
82: p PUT 8
85: s SETITEM
86: a APPEND
87: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
Try again with a "binary" pickle.
>>> pkl1 = pickle.dumps(x, 1)
>>> dis(pkl1)
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: K BININT1 1
6: K BININT1 2
8: ( MARK
9: K BININT1 3
11: K BININT1 4
13: t TUPLE (MARK at 8)
14: q BINPUT 1
16: } EMPTY_DICT
17: q BINPUT 2
19: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
35: q BINPUT 3
37: ( MARK
38: X BINUNICODE 'abc'
46: q BINPUT 4
48: X BINUNICODE 'latin1'
59: q BINPUT 5
61: t TUPLE (MARK at 37)
62: q BINPUT 6
64: R REDUCE
65: q BINPUT 7
67: X BINUNICODE 'def'
75: q BINPUT 8
77: s SETITEM
78: e APPENDS (MARK at 3)
79: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Exercise the INST/OBJ/BUILD family.
>>> import pickletools
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(pickletools.dis, 0))
0: c GLOBAL 'pickletools dis'
17: p PUT 0
20: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> from pickletools import _Example
>>> x = [_Example(42)] * 2
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(x, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: c GLOBAL 'copy_reg _reconstructor'
30: p PUT 1
33: ( MARK
34: c GLOBAL 'pickletools _Example'
56: p PUT 2
59: c GLOBAL '__builtin__ object'
79: p PUT 3
82: N NONE
83: t TUPLE (MARK at 33)
84: p PUT 4
87: R REDUCE
88: p PUT 5
91: ( MARK
92: d DICT (MARK at 91)
93: p PUT 6
96: V UNICODE 'value'
103: p PUT 7
106: I INT 42
110: s SETITEM
111: b BUILD
112: a APPEND
113: g GET 5
116: a APPEND
117: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(x, 1))
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: c GLOBAL 'copy_reg _reconstructor'
29: q BINPUT 1
31: ( MARK
32: c GLOBAL 'pickletools _Example'
54: q BINPUT 2
56: c GLOBAL '__builtin__ object'
76: q BINPUT 3
78: N NONE
79: t TUPLE (MARK at 31)
80: q BINPUT 4
82: R REDUCE
83: q BINPUT 5
85: } EMPTY_DICT
86: q BINPUT 6
88: X BINUNICODE 'value'
98: q BINPUT 7
100: K BININT1 42
102: s SETITEM
103: b BUILD
104: h BINGET 5
106: e APPENDS (MARK at 3)
107: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Try "the canonical" recursive-object test.
>>> L = []
>>> T = L,
>>> L.append(T)
>>> L[0] is T
True
>>> T[0] is L
True
>>> L[0][0] is L
True
>>> T[0][0] is T
True
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: ( MARK
6: g GET 0
9: t TUPLE (MARK at 5)
10: p PUT 1
13: a APPEND
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 1))
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: h BINGET 0
6: t TUPLE (MARK at 3)
7: q BINPUT 1
9: a APPEND
10: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Note that, in the protocol 0 pickle of the recursive tuple, the disassembler
has to emulate the stack in order to realize that the POP opcode at 16 gets
rid of the MARK at 0.
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: ( MARK
2: l LIST (MARK at 1)
3: p PUT 0
6: ( MARK
7: g GET 0
10: t TUPLE (MARK at 6)
11: p PUT 1
14: a APPEND
15: 0 POP
16: 0 POP (MARK at 0)
17: g GET 1
20: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 1))
0: ( MARK
1: ] EMPTY_LIST
2: q BINPUT 0
4: ( MARK
5: h BINGET 0
7: t TUPLE (MARK at 4)
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: 1 POP_MARK (MARK at 0)
12: h BINGET 1
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Try protocol 2.
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: h BINGET 0
7: \x85 TUPLE1
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: h BINGET 0
7: \x85 TUPLE1
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: 0 POP
12: h BINGET 1
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
Try protocol 3 with annotations:
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 3), annotate=1)
0: \x80 PROTO 3 Protocol version indicator.
2: ] EMPTY_LIST Push an empty list.
3: q BINPUT 0 Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
5: h BINGET 0 Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
7: \x85 TUPLE1 Build a one-tuple out of the topmost item on the stack.
8: q BINPUT 1 Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
10: a APPEND Append an object to a list.
11: 0 POP Discard the top stack item, shrinking the stack by one item.
12: h BINGET 1 Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
14: . STOP Stop the unpickling machine.
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
a=
>>> import pickle
>>> import io
>>> f = io.BytesIO()
>>> p = pickle.Pickler(f, 2)
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> p.dump(x)
>>> p.dump(x)
>>> f.seek(0)
0
>>> memo = {}
>>> dis(f, memo=memo)
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: ( MARK
6: K BININT1 1
8: K BININT1 2
10: K BININT1 3
12: e APPENDS (MARK at 5)
13: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> dis(f, memo=memo)
14: \x80 PROTO 2
16: h BINGET 0
18: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
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