;type=text/html' \ -F '=)' -F '[email protected]' ... smtp://example.com
Data can be encoded for transfer using encoder=. Available encodings are binary and 8bit that do nothing else than adding the corresponding Content-Transfer-Encoding header, 7bit that only rejects 8-bit characters with a transfer error, quoted-printable and base64 that encodes data according to the corresponding schemes, limiting lines length to 76 characters.
Example: send multipart mail with a quoted-printable text message and a base64 attached file:
curl -F '=text message;encoder=quoted-printable' \ -F '=@localfile;encoder=base64' ... smtp://example.com
--form can be used several times in a command line. curl --form "name=curl" --form "file=@loadthis" \
This option is mutually exclusive with --data, --head and --upload-file. See also --data, --form-string and --form-escape. (HTTP IMAP SMTP) Pass on names of multipart form fields and files using backslash-escaping instead of percent-encoding. If --form-escape is provided several times, the last set value is curl --form-escape -F 'field\name=curl' -F 'file=@load"this' \
Added in 7.81.0. See also --form.
--form-string (HTTP SMTP IMAP) Similar to --form except that the value string for the named parameter is used literally. Leading @ and < characters, and the ";type=" string in the value have no special meaning. Use this in preference to --form if there is any possibility that the string value may accidentally trigger the @ or < features of --form. --form-string can be used several times curl --form-string "name=data" https://example.com (FTP) When an FTP server asks for "account data" after username and password has been provided, this data is sent off using the ACCT command. If --ftp-account is provided several times, the last curl --ftp-account "mr.robot" ftp://example.com/
--ftp-alternative-to-user (FTP) If authenticating with the USER and PASS commands fails, send this command. When connecting to Tumbleweed's Secure Transport server over FTPS using a client certificate, using "SITE AUTH" tells the server to retrieve the username from the certificate. If --ftp-alternative-to-user is provided several curl --ftp-alternative-to-user "U53r" ftp://example.com
See also --ftp-account and --user. (FTP SFTP) When an FTP or SFTP URL/operation uses a path that does not currently exist on the server, the standard behavior of curl is to fail. Using this option, curl instead attempts to create missing directories. Providing --ftp-create-dirs multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-create-dirs. curl --ftp-create-dirs -T file ftp://example.com/remote/path/file (FTP) Control what method curl should use to reach a file on an FTP(S) server. The method argument should be one of the following
Do a single CWD operation for each path part in the given URL. For deep hierarchies this means many commands. This is how RFC 1738 says it should be done. This is the default but the
Do no CWD at all. curl does SIZE, RETR, STOR etc and gives the full path to the server for each of these commands. This is
Do one CWD with the full target directory and then operate on the file "normally" (like in the multicwd case). This is somewhat more standards compliant than "nocwd" but without the
If --ftp-method is provided several times, the last set value is curl --ftp-method multicwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file curl --ftp-method nocwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file curl --ftp-method singlecwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file (FTP) Use passive mode for the data connection. Passive is the internal default behavior, but using this option can be used to override a previous --ftp-port option.
Reversing an enforced passive really is not doable but you must then instead enforce the correct --ftp-port again.
Passive mode means that curl tries the EPSV command first and then PASV, unless --disable-epsv is used. Providing --ftp-pasv multiple times has no extra effect. curl --ftp-pasv ftp://example.com/
This option is mutually exclusive with --ftp-port. See also (FTP) Reverse the default initiator/listener roles when connecting with FTP. This option makes curl use active mode. curl then commands the server to connect back to the client's specified address and port, while passive mode asks the server to setup an IP address and port for it to connect to. should be one
e.g. eth0 to specify which interface's IP address you want to
e.g. 192.168.10.1 to specify the exact IP address
e.g. my.host.domain to specify the machine
make curl pick the same IP address that is already used for the control connection. This is the recommended choice.
Disable the use of PORT with --ftp-pasv. Disable the attempt to use the EPRT command instead of PORT by using --disable-eprt. EPRT
You can also append ":[start]-[end]" to the right of the address, to tell curl what TCP port range to use. That means you specify a port range, from a lower to a higher number. A single number works as well, but do note that it increases the risk of failure since the port may not be available. If --ftp-port is provided several curl -P - ftp:/example.com curl -P eth0 ftp:/example.com curl -P 192.168.0.2 ftp:/example.com
See also --ftp-pasv and --disable-eprt. (FTP) Send a PRET command before PASV (and EPSV). Certain FTP servers, mainly drftpd, require this non-standard command for directory listings as well as up and downloads in PASV mode. Providing --ftp-pret multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-pret. curl --ftp-pret ftp://example.com/
See also --ftp-port and --ftp-pasv. (FTP) Do not use the IP address the server suggests in its response to curl's PASV command when curl connects the data connection. Instead curl reuses the same IP address it already uses for the control connection.
This option is enabled by default (added in 7.74.0).
This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used instead of PASV. Providing --ftp-skip-pasv-ip multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-skip-pasv-ip. curl --ftp-skip-pasv-ip ftp://example.com/ (FTP) Use CCC (Clear Command Channel) Shuts down the SSL/TLS layer after authenticating. The rest of the control channel communication is unencrypted. This allows NAT routers to follow the FTP transaction. The default mode is passive. Providing --ftp-ssl-ccc multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/
See also --ssl and --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode.
--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode (FTP) Set the CCC mode. The passive mode does not initiate the shutdown, but instead waits for the server to do it, and does not reply to the shutdown from the server. The active mode initiates the shutdown and waits for a reply from the server. Providing --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-ssl-ccc-mode. curl --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode active --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/ (FTP) Require SSL/TLS for the FTP login, clear for transfer. Allows secure authentication, but non-encrypted data transfers for efficiency. Fails the transfer if the server does not support
If set, this option overrides --ssl. Providing --ftp-ssl-control curl --ftp-ssl-control ftp://example.com (HTTP) When used, this option makes all data specified with --data, --data-binary or --data-urlencode to be used in an HTTP GET request instead of the POST request that otherwise would be used. curl appends the provided data to the URL as a query string.
If used in combination with --head, the POST data is instead appended to the URL with a HEAD request. Providing --get multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-get. curl --get https://example.com curl --get -d "tool=curl" -d "age=old" https://example.com curl --get -I -d "tool=curl" https://example.com
See also --data and --request. Switch off the URL globbing function. When you set this option, you can specify URLs that contain the letters {}[] without having curl itself interpret them. Note that these letters are not normal legal URL contents but they should be encoded according to the URI
curl detects numerical IPv6 addresses when used in URLs and excludes them from the treatment, so they can still be used without having to disable globbing. Providing --globoff multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-globoff. curl -g "https://example.com/{[]}}}}"
See also --config and --disable.
--happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms Set the timeout for Happy Eyeballs.
Happy Eyeballs is an algorithm that attempts to connect to both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for dual-stack hosts, giving IPv6 a head-start of the specified number of milliseconds. If the IPv6 address cannot be connected to within that time, then a connection attempt is made to the IPv4 address in parallel. The first connection to be established is the one that is used.
The range of suggested useful values is limited. Happy Eyeballs RFC 6555 says "It is RECOMMENDED that connection attempts be paced 150-250 ms apart to balance human factors against network load." libcurl currently defaults to 200 ms. Firefox and Chrome currently default to 300 ms. If --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms is provided curl --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms 500 https://example.com
See also --max-time and --connect-timeout. (HTTP) Set a client IP in HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the beginning of the connection.
For valid requests, IPv4 addresses must be indicated as a series of exactly 4 integers in the range [0..255] inclusive written in decimal representation separated by exactly one dot between each other. Heading zeroes are not permitted in front of numbers in order to avoid any possible confusion with octal numbers. IPv6 addresses must be indicated as series of 4 hexadecimal digits (upper or lower case) delimited by colons between each other, with the acceptance of one double colon sequence to replace the largest acceptable range of consecutive zeroes. The total number of decoded bits must be exactly 128.
Otherwise, any string can be accepted for the client IP and get
It replaces --haproxy-protocol if used, it is not necessary to specify both flags. If --haproxy-clientip is provided several curl --haproxy-clientip $IP
Added in 8.2.0. See also --proxy. (HTTP) Send a HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the beginning of the connection. This is used by some load balancers and reverse proxies to indicate the client's true IP address and port.
This option is primarily useful when sending test requests to a service that expects this header. Providing --haproxy-protocol curl --haproxy-protocol https://example.com (HTTP FTP FILE) Fetch the headers only. HTTP-servers feature the command HEAD which this uses to get nothing but the header of a document. When used on an FTP or FILE URL, curl displays the file size and last modification time only. Providing --head multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-head. curl -I https://example.com
See also --get, --verbose and --trace-ascii.
-H, --header (HTTP IMAP SMTP) Extra header to include in information sent. When used within an HTTP request, it is added to the regular request
For an IMAP or SMTP MIME uploaded mail built with --form options, it is prepended to the resulting MIME document, effectively including it at the mail global level. It does not affect raw
You may specify any number of extra headers. Note that if you should add a custom header that has the same name as one of the internal ones curl would use, your externally set header is used instead of the internal one. This allows you to make even trickier stuff than curl would normally do. You should not replace internally set headers without knowing perfectly well what you are doing. Remove an internal header by giving a replacement without content on the right side of the colon, as in: -H "Host:". If you send the custom header with no-value then its header must be terminated with a semicolon, such as -H "X-Custom-Header;" to send
curl makes sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the proper end-of-line marker, you should thus not add that as a part of the header content: do not add newlines or carriage returns, they only mess things up for you. curl passes on the verbatim string you give it without any filter or other safe guards. That includes white space and control characters.
This option can take an argument in @filename style, which then adds a header for each line in the input file. Using @- makes curl read the header file from stdin.
Please note that most anti-spam utilities check the presence and value of several MIME mail headers: these are "From:", "To:", "Date:" and "Subject:" among others and should be added with this
You need --proxy-header to send custom headers intended for an
Passing on a "Transfer-Encoding: chunked" header when doing an HTTP request with a request body, makes curl send the data using
WARNING: headers set with this option are set in all HTTP requests - even after redirects are followed, like when told with --location. This can lead to the header being sent to other hosts than the original host, so sensitive headers should be used with caution combined with following redirects.
"Authorization:" and "Cookie:" headers are explicitly not passed on in HTTP requests when following redirects to other origins, unless --location-trusted is used. --header can be used several curl -H "X-First-Name: Joe" https://example.com curl -H "User-Agent: yes-please/2000" https://example.com curl -H "Host:" https://example.com curl -H @headers.txt https://example.com
See also --user-agent, --referer and --proxy-header. Usage help. Provide help for the subject given as an optional
If no argument is provided, curl displays the most important
The argument can either be a category or a command line option. When a category is provided, curl shows all command line options within the given category. Specify category "all" to list all
If "category" is specified, curl displays all available help
If the provided subject is instead an existing command line option, specified either in its short form with a single dash and a single letter, or in the long form with two dashes and a longer name, curl displays a help text for that option in the terminal.
The help output is extensive for some options.
If the provided command line option is not known, curl says so. (SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing 32 hexadecimal digits. The string should be the 128 bit MD5 checksum of the remote host's public key, curl refuses the connection with the host unless the checksums match. If --hostpubmd5 is provided several times, the curl --hostpubmd5 e5c1c49020640a5ab0f2034854c321a8 \
See also --hostpubsha256. (SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing a Base64-encoded SHA256 hash of the remote host's public key. curl refuses the connection with the host unless the hashes match. If --hostpubsha256 is provided curl --hostpubsha256 NDVkMTQxMGQ1ODdmMjQ3MjczYjAyOTY5MmRkMjVmNDQ=\
Added in 7.80.0. See also --hostpubmd5. (HTTPS) Enable HSTS for the transfer. If the filename points to an existing HSTS cache file, that is used. After a completed modified. If you run multiple curl invokes at the same time using the same HSTS cache file, they might interfere with each other in
If curl is told to use "http://" for a transfer involving a hostname that exists in the HSTS cache, it upgrades the transfer to use HTTPS. Each HSTS cache entry has an individual lifetime after which the upgrade is no longer performed. make curl handle HSTS in memory. the files but the last one is used for saving.
Since curl 8.20.0, curl keeps no more than the most recently added 10,000 unique HSTS hostnames. --hsts can be used several times in curl --hsts cache.txt https://example.com
Added in 7.74.0. See also --proto. (HTTP) Accept an HTTP version 0.9 response.
HTTP/0.9 is a response without headers and therefore you can also connect with this to non-HTTP servers and still get a response since curl transparently downgrades - if allowed.
HTTP/0.9 is disabled by default (added in 7.66.0) Providing --http0.9 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --http0.9 https://example.com
See also --http1.1, --http2 and --http3. (HTTP) Use HTTP version 1.0 instead of using its internally preferred HTTP version. Providing --http1.0 multiple times has no curl --http1.0 https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --http1.1, --http2, --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. See also --http0.9 and (HTTP) Use HTTP version 1.1. This is the default with "http://" URLs. Providing --http1.1 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --http1.1 https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --http1.0, --http2, --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. See also --http1.0 and
For HTTPS, this means curl negotiates HTTP/2 in the TLS handshake. curl does this by default.
For HTTP, this means curl attempts to upgrade the request to HTTP/2 using the Upgrade: request header.
When curl uses HTTP/2 over HTTPS, it does not itself insist on TLS 1.2 or higher even though that is required by the specification. A user can add this version requirement with --tlsv1.2. Providing --http2 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --http2 https://example.com
For --http2 to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support HTTP/2. This option is mutually exclusive with --http1.1, --http1.0, --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. See also --http1.1, --http3, --no-alpn and --proxy-http2. (HTTP) Issue a non-TLS HTTP request using HTTP/2 directly without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade. It requires prior knowledge that the server supports HTTP/2 straight away. HTTPS requests still do HTTP/2 the standard way with negotiated protocol versions in the TLS
Since 8.10.0 if this option is set for an HTTPS request then the application layer protocol version (ALPN) offered to the server is only HTTP/2. Prior to that both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 were offered. Providing --http2-prior-knowledge multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-http2-prior-knowledge. curl --http2-prior-knowledge https://example.com
For --http2-prior-knowledge to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support HTTP/2. This option is mutually exclusive with --http1.1, --http1.0, --http2 and --http3. See also --http2 and --http3. (HTTP) Attempt HTTP/3 to the host in the URL, but fallback to earlier HTTP versions if the HTTP/3 connection establishment fails or is slow. HTTP/3 is only available for HTTPS and not for HTTP
This option allows a user to avoid using the Alt-Svc method of upgrading to HTTP/3 when you know or suspect that the target speaks HTTP/3 on the given host and port.
When asked to use HTTP/3, curl issues a separate attempt to use older HTTP versions with a slight delay, so if the HTTP/3 transfer fails or is slow, curl still tries to proceed with an older HTTP version. The fallback performs the regular negotiation between
Use --http3-only for similar functionality without a fallback.
curl cannot do HTTP/3 over any proxy. Providing --http3 multiple curl --http3 https://example.com
For --http3 to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support HTTP/3. This option is mutually exclusive with --http1.1, --http1.0, --http2, --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3-only. Added in 7.66.0. See also --http1.1 and --http2. (HTTP) Instruct curl to use HTTP/3 to the host in the URL, with no fallback to earlier HTTP versions. HTTP/3 can only be used for HTTPS and not for HTTP URLs. For HTTP, this option triggers an upgrading to HTTP/3 when you know that the target speaks HTTP/3 on
This option makes curl fail if a QUIC connection cannot be established, it does not attempt any other HTTP versions on its own. Use --http3 for similar functionality with a fallback. Providing --http3-only multiple times has no extra effect. curl --http3-only https://example.com
For --http3-only to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support HTTP/3. This option is mutually exclusive with --http3. Added in 7.88.0. See also --http1.1, --http2 and --http3.
--httpsig-algo (HTTP) **WARNING**: this option is experimental. Do not use in production. Sign outgoing HTTP requests using RFC 9421 HTTP
This option specifies which signing algorithm to use. Supported values are ed25519 and hmac-sha256. If not specified, ed25519 is used. Any other value causes curl to exit with an error.
HTTP Message Signatures are enabled when any of --httpsig-algo, --httpsig-key, --httpsig-keyid or --httpsig-headers is given. When enabled, --httpsig-key and --httpsig-keyid are required. Without any of these options no signing is performed.
By default, the signed components are "method", "authority", "path", and "query" (when a query string is present). Use --httpsig-headers to override the set of components included in the signature. If --httpsig-algo is provided several times, the curl --httpsig-key key.hex --httpsig-keyid "my-key" \ curl --httpsig-algo hmac-sha256 --httpsig-key secret.hex \ --httpsig-keyid "shared" https://example.com
Added in 8.22.0. See also --httpsig-key, --httpsig-keyid and
--httpsig-headers production. Space-separated list of components to include in the RFC 9421 HTTP Message Signature. Derived components are given as bare names: "method", "authority", "path", and "query". HTTP header fields are given with a trailing colon, for example "content-type:" and "content-digest:".
If not specified, the default set is "method authority path" (plus "query" when a query string is present in the URL).
Header components are taken from "-H" / "--header" options only. Headers curl adds by default (such as "User-Agent") are not signed unless you set them explicitly, for example:
curl --httpsig-algo ed25519 \ --httpsig-keyid mykey \ -H "User-Agent: MyApp/1.0" \ "method authority path user-agent:" \
Each component may appear only once. Duplicate identifiers in "--httpsig-headers" cause curl to exit with an error.
If --httpsig-headers is provided several times, the last set value curl --httpsig-algo ed25519 --httpsig-key key.hex \ --httpsig-keyid "my-key" --httpsig-headers "method \ authority content-type:" https://example.com
Added in 8.22.0. See also --httpsig-algo, --httpsig-key and production. The key to use for RFC 9421 HTTP Message Signatures. Provide it as-is, or as "@filename". If the argument starts with an "@", the rest is treated as a file name for the key.
The key is formatted as a series of hexadecimal digits in a single line. For ed25519, this is the 32-byte private seed (64 hex characters). For hmac-sha256, this is the shared secret. PEM files
openssl genpkey -algorithm ED25519 -out k.pem openssl pkey -in k.pem -outform RAW -out k.raw xxd -p -c 64 k.raw | tr -d '\n' > k.hex
Use "@k.hex" with "--httpsig-key".
If --httpsig-key is provided several times, the last set value is curl --httpsig-algo ed25519 --httpsig-key @key.hex \ --httpsig-keyid "my-key" https://example.com curl --httpsig-key 123a56fb72197633bc --httpsig-keyid "my-key" \
Added in 8.22.0. See also --httpsig-algo and --httpsig-keyid. production. The key identifier to include in the "Signature-Input" header when using RFC 9421 HTTP Message Signatures. This value appears as the "keyid" parameter and allows the server to look up the correct verification key. If --httpsig-keyid is provided
Added in 8.22.0. See also --httpsig-algo and --httpsig-key. (FTP HTTP) For HTTP, ignore the Content-Length header. This is particularly useful for servers running Apache 1.x, which reports incorrect Content-Length for files larger than 2 gigabytes.
For FTP, this makes curl skip the SIZE command to figure out the size before downloading a file. Providing --ignore-content-length --no-ignore-content-length. curl --ignore-content-length https://example.com
See also --ftp-skip-pasv-ip. (TLS SFTP SCP) By default, every secure connection curl makes is makes curl skip the verification step and proceed without
When this option is not used for protocols using TLS, curl verifies the server's TLS certificate before it continues: that the certificate contains the right name which matches the hostname used in the URL and that the certificate has been signed by a CA certificate present in the cert store. See this online resource for further details: https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html
For SFTP and SCP, this option makes curl skip the known_hosts verification. known_hosts is a file normally stored in the user's home directory in the ".ssh" subdirectory, which contains hostnames and their public keys.
WARNING: using this option makes the transfer insecure.
When curl uses secure protocols it trusts responses and allows for example HSTS and Alt-Svc information to be stored and used subsequently. Using --insecure can make curl trust and use such information from malicious servers. Providing --insecure multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-insecure. curl --insecure https://example.com
See also --proxy-insecure, --cacert and --capath. Perform the operation using a specified interface. You can enter interface name, IP address or hostname. If you prefer to be specific, you can use the following special syntax:
Interface name. If the provided name does not match an existing interface, curl returns with error 45.
ifhost!!
Interface name and IP address or hostname. This syntax requires libcurl 8.9.0 or later.
If the provided name does not match an existing interface,
curl does not support using network interface names for this
That name resolve operation if a hostname is provided does not use DNS-over-HTTPS even if --doh-url is set.
On Linux this option can be used to specify a VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding) device, but the binary then needs to either have the CAP_NET_RAW capability set or to be run as root. If --interface is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --interface eth0 https://example.com curl --interface "host!10.0.0.1" https://example.com curl --interface "if!enp3s0" https://example.com
See also --dns-interface. Set Type of Service (TOS) for IPv4 or Traffic Class for IPv6.
The values allowed for can be a numeric value between 1 and 255 or one of the following:
CS0, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS7, AF11, AF12, AF13, AF21, AF22, AF23, AF31, AF32, AF33, AF41, AF42, AF43, EF, VOICE-ADMIT, ECT1, ECT0, CE, LE, LOWCOST, LOWDELAY, THROUGHPUT, RELIABILITY, MINCOST If --ip-tos is provided several times, the last set value curl --ip-tos CS5 https://example.com
Added in 8.9.0. See also --tcp-nodelay and --vlan-priority. (IPFS) Specify which gateway to use for IPFS and IPNS URLs. Not specifying this instead makes curl check if the IPFS_GATEWAY environment variable is set, or if a "~/.ipfs/gateway" file holding the gateway URL exists.
If you run a local IPFS node, this gateway is by default available under "http://localhost:8080". A full example URL would look like:
curl --ipfs-gateway http://localhost:8080 \ ipfs://bafybeigagd5nmnn2iys2f3
There are many public IPFS gateways. See for example: https://ipfs.github.io/public-gateway-checker/
If you opt to go for a remote gateway you need to be aware that you completely trust the gateway. This might be fine in local gateways that you host yourself. With remote gateways there could potentially be malicious actors returning you data that does not match the request you made, inspect or even interfere with the request. You may not notice this when using curl. A mitigation could be to go for a "trustless" gateway. This means you locally verify the data. Consult the docs page on trusted vs trustless: https://docs.ipfs.tech/reference/http/gateway/#trusted-vs-trustless If --ipfs-gateway is provided several times, the last set value is curl --ipfs-gateway https://example.com ipfs://
Added in 8.4.0. See also --help and --manual. Request only IPv4 addresses when resolving hostnames, and not for example any IPv6. Providing --ipv4 multiple times has no extra curl --ipv4 https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --ipv6. See also --http1.1 Request only IPv6 addresses when resolving hostnames, and not for
Your resolver may still respond to an IPv6-only resolve request by returning IPv6 addresses that contain "mapped" IPv4 addresses for compatibility purposes. macOS is known to do this. Providing --ipv6 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --ipv6 https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --ipv4. See also --http1.1 (HTTP) Send the specified JSON data in a POST request to the HTTP server. --json works as a shortcut for passing on these three --header "Content-Type: application/json" --header "Accept: application/json"
There is no verification that the passed in data is actual JSON or that the syntax is correct. filename to read the data from, or a single dash (-) if you want curl to read the data from stdin. Posting data from a file named 'foobar' would thus be done with --json @foobar and to instead read the data from stdin, use --json @-.
If this option is used more than once on the same command line, the additional data pieces are concatenated to the previous before
The headers this option sets can be overridden with --header as usual. --json can be used several times in a command line. curl --json '{ "drink": "coffee" }' https://example.com curl --json '{ "drink":' --json ' "coffee" }' https://example.com curl --json @prepared https://example.com curl --json @- https://example.com < json.txt --upload-file. Added in 7.82.0. See also --data-binary and
-j, --junk-session-cookies (HTTP) When curl is told to read cookies from a given file, this option makes it discard all session cookies. This has the same effect as if a new session is started. Typical browsers discard session cookies when they are closed down.
Session cookies are cookies without a set expiry time. They are meant to only last for "a session". Providing --junk-session-cookies multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-junk-session-cookies. curl --junk-session-cookies -b cookies.txt https://example.com
See also --cookie and --cookie-jar.
--keepalive-cnt Set the maximum number of keepalive probes TCP should send but get no response before dropping the connection. This option is usually used in conjunction with --keepalive-time.
This option is supported on Linux, *BSD/macOS, Windows >=10.0.16299, Solaris 11.4, and recent AIX, HP-UX and more. This option has no effect if --no-keepalive is used.
If unspecified, the option defaults to 9. If --keepalive-cnt is curl --keepalive-cnt 3 https://example.com
Added in 8.9.0. See also --keepalive-time and --no-keepalive.
--keepalive-time Set the time a connection needs to remain idle before sending keepalive probes and the time between individual keepalive probes. It is currently effective on operating systems offering the "TCP_KEEPIDLE" and "TCP_KEEPINTVL" socket options (meaning Linux, *BSD/macOS, Windows, Solaris, and recent AIX, HP-UX and more). Keepalive is used by the TCP stack to detect broken networks on idle connections. The number of missed keepalive probes before declaring the connection down is OS dependent and is commonly 8 (*BSD/macOS/AIX), 9 (Linux/AIX) or 5/10 (Windows), and this number can be changed by specifying the curl option "keepalive-cnt". Note that this option has no effect if --no-keepalive is used.
If unspecified, the option defaults to 60 seconds. If --keepalive-time is provided several times, the last set value is curl --keepalive-time 20 https://example.com
See also --no-keepalive, --keepalive-cnt and --max-time. (TLS SCP SFTP) Private key filename. Allows you to provide your private key in this separate file. For SSH, if not specified, curl tries the following candidates in order: "~/.ssh/id_rsa", "~/.ssh/id_dsa", "./id_rsa", "./id_dsa".
If curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine pkcs11 or pkcs11 provider is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a private key located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" is interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the --engine option is set as "pkcs11" if none was provided and the --key-type option is set as
If curl is built against Schannel then this option is ignored for TLS protocols (HTTPS, etc). That backend expects the private key to be already present in the keychain or PKCS#12 file containing the certificate. If --key is provided several times, the last set curl --cert certificate --key here https://example.com
See also --key-type and --cert. (TLS) Private key file type. Specify which type your --key provided private key is. DER, PEM, and ENG are supported. If not specified, PEM is assumed. If --key-type is provided several curl --key-type DER --key here https://example.com (SCP SFTP) When doing SCP and SFTP transfers, curl automatically checks a database containing identification for all hosts it has ever been used with to verify that the host it connects to is the same as previously. Host keys are stored in such a known hosts file. curl uses the ~/.ssh/known_hosts in the user's home
This option lets a user specify a specific file to check the host
The known hosts check can be disabled with --insecure, but that makes the transfer insecure and is strongly discouraged. If --knownhosts is provided several times, the last set value is curl --knownhosts filename --key here https://example.com
Added in 8.17.0. See also --hostpubsha256, --hostpubmd5, (FTP) Deprecated option (added in 8.17.0). It has no function
Enable Kerberos authentication and use. The level must be entered and should be one of "clear", "safe", "confidential", or "private". Should you use a level that is not one of these, "private" is used. If --krb is provided several times, the last curl --krb clear ftp://example.com/
For --krb to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support Kerberos. See also --delegation and --ssl. Append this option to any ordinary curl command line, and you get libcurl-using C source code written to the file that does the equivalent of what your command-line operation does.
The source code output should be considered example code and is not production ready. You must double-check that the code actually does what you want it do. use of --next. If --libcurl is provided several times, the last curl --libcurl client.c https://example.com Specify the maximum transfer rate you want curl to use - for both downloads and uploads. This feature is useful if you have a limited pipe and you would like your transfer not to use your entire bandwidth. To make it slower than it otherwise would be.
The given speed is measured in bytes/second, unless a suffix is appended. Appending 'k' or 'K' counts the number as kilobytes, 'm' or 'M' makes it megabytes etc. The supported suffixes (k, M, G, T, P) are 1024-based. For example 1k is 1024. Examples: 200K, 3m and
The rate limiting logic works on averaging the transfer speed to no more than the set threshold over a period of multiple seconds.
If you also use the --speed-limit option, that option takes precedence and might cripple the rate-limiting slightly, to help keep the speed-limit logic working.
Starting in curl 8.19.0, the rate can be specified using a fraction as in "2.5M" for two and a half megabytes per second. It only works with a period (".") delimiter, independent of what your locale might prefer. If --limit-rate is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --limit-rate 123.45K https://example.com curl --limit-rate 1000 https://example.com curl --limit-rate 10M https://example.com curl --limit-rate 200K --max-time 60 https://example.com
See also --rate, --speed-limit and --speed-time. (FTP POP3 SFTP FILE) When listing an FTP directory, force a name-only view. Maybe particularly useful if the user wants to machine-parse the contents of an FTP directory since the normal directory view does not use a standard look or format. When used like this, the option causes an NLST command to be sent to the
Note: Some FTP servers list only files in their response to NLST; they do not include subdirectories and symbolic links.
When listing an SFTP directory, this switch forces a name-only view, one per line. This is especially useful if the user wants to machine-parse the contents of an SFTP directory since the normal directory view provides more information than filenames.
When retrieving a specific email from POP3, this switch forces a LIST command to be performed instead of RETR. This is particularly useful if the user wants to see if a specific message-id exists on the server and what size it is.
For FILE, this option has no effect yet as directories are always
Note: When combined with --request, this option can be used to send a UIDL command instead, so the user may use the email's unique identifier rather than its message-id to make the request. Providing --list-only multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-list-only. curl --list-only ftp://example.com/dir/
See also --quote and --request. Set a preferred single number or range (FROM-TO) of local port numbers to use for the connection(s). Note that port numbers by nature are a scarce resource so setting this range to something too narrow might cause unnecessary connection setup failures. If --local-port is provided several times, the last set value is curl --local-port 1000-3000 https://example.com (HTTP) If the server reports that the requested page has moved to a different location (indicated with a Location: header and a 3XX response code), this option makes curl redo the request to the new place. If used together with --show-headers or --head, headers from all requested pages are shown.
When authentication is provided on the command line (for example --user or --oauth2-bearer), or when sending a cookie with "-H Cookie:", curl only sends its credentials to the initial host. If a redirect takes curl to a different host, it does not get the credentials passed on. See --location-trusted on how to change this. When --netrc is used in combination with this option, credentials for the followed-to hosts may also be selected from
Limit the amount of redirects to follow by using the --max-redirs
When curl follows a redirect and if the request is a POST, it sends the following request with a GET if the HTTP response was 301, 302, or 303. If the response code was any other 3xx code, curl resends the following request using the same unmodified
You can tell curl to not change POST requests to GET after a 30x response by using the dedicated options for that: --post301,
The method set with --request overrides the method curl would --proto-redir. Providing --location multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-location. curl -L https://example.com
See also --resolve, --alt-svc, --follow, --proto-redir and (HTTP) Instruct curl to follow HTTP redirects like --location, but permit curl to send credentials and other secrets along to other hosts than the initial one.
This may or may not introduce a security breach if the site redirects you to a site to which you send this sensitive data to. Another host means that one or more of hostname, protocol scheme
This option also allows curl to pass long cookies set explicitly with --header. Providing --location-trusted multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-location-trusted. curl --location-trusted -u user:password https://example.com curl --location-trusted -H "Cookie: session=abc" \
See also --user and --follow.
--login-options (IMAP LDAP POP3 SMTP) Specify the login options to use during
You can use login options to specify protocol specific options that may be used during authentication. At present only IMAP, POP3 and SMTP support login options. For more information about login options please see RFC 2384, RFC 5092 and the IETF draft https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-earhart-url-smtp-00
Since 8.2.0, IMAP supports the login option "AUTH=+LOGIN". With this option, curl uses the plain (not SASL) "LOGIN IMAP" command even if the server advertises SASL authentication. Care should be taken in using this option, as it sends your password over the network in plain text. This does not work if the IMAP server disables the plain "LOGIN" (e.g. to prevent password snooping). If --login-options is provided several times, the last set value is curl --login-options 'AUTH=*' imap://example.com (SMTP) Specify a single address. This is used to specify the authentication address (identity) of a submitted message that is being relayed to another server. If --mail-auth is provided curl --mail-auth [email protected] -T mail smtp://example.com/
See also --mail-rcpt and --mail-from. (SMTP) Specify a single address that the given mail should get sent from. If --mail-from is provided several times, the last set curl --mail-from [email protected] -T mail smtp://example.com/
See also --mail-rcpt and --mail-auth. (SMTP) Specify a single email address, username or mailing list name. Repeat this option several times to send to multiple
When performing an address verification (VRFY command), the recipient should be specified as the username or username and domain (as per Section 3.5 of RFC 5321).
When performing a mailing list expand (EXPN command), the recipient should be specified using the mailing list name, such as "Friends" or "London-Office". --mail-rcpt can be used several curl --mail-rcpt [email protected] smtp://example.com
See also --mail-rcpt-allowfails. (SMTP) When sending data to multiple recipients, by default curl aborts SMTP conversation if at least one of the recipients causes RCPT TO command to return an error.
The default behavior can be changed by passing --mail-rcpt-allowfails command-line option which makes curl ignore errors and proceed with the remaining valid recipients.
If all recipients trigger RCPT TO failures and this flag is specified, curl still aborts the SMTP conversation and returns the error received from to the last RCPT TO command. Providing --mail-rcpt-allowfails multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-mail-rcpt-allowfails. curl --mail-rcpt-allowfails --mail-rcpt [email protected] \
Added in 7.69.0. See also --mail-rcpt. Manual. Display the huge help text.
See also --verbose, --libcurl and --trace. (FTP HTTP MQTT) When set to a non-zero value, it specifies the maximum size (in bytes) of a file to download. If the file requested is larger than this value, the transfer does not start and curl returns with exit code 63.
Setting the maximum value to zero disables the limit.
A unit suffix letter can be used. Appending 'k' or 'K' counts the number as kilobytes, 'm' or 'M' makes it megabytes etc. The supported suffixes (k, M, G, T, P) are 1024-based. Examples: 200K,
NOTE: before curl 8.4.0, when the file size is not known prior to download, for such files this option has no effect even if the file transfer ends up being larger than this given limit.
Starting with curl 8.4.0, this option aborts the transfer if it reaches the threshold during transfer.
Starting in curl 8.19.0, the maximum size can be specified using a fraction as in "2.5M" for two and a half megabytes. It only works with a period (".") delimiter, independent of what your locale
Since 8.20.0, this option also stops ongoing transfers that would reach this threshold due to automatic decompression using --compressed. If --max-filesize is provided several times, the curl --max-filesize 100K https://example.com curl --max-filesize 2.6M https://example.com (HTTP) Set the maximum number of redirections to follow. When --location or --follow are used, this option prevents curl from following too many redirects. By default the limit is set to 50 redirects. Set this option to -1 to make it unlimited. If --max-redirs is provided several times, the last set value is curl --max-redirs 3 --location https://example.com
See also --location and --follow. Set the maximum time in seconds that you allow each transfer to take. Prevents your batch jobs from hanging for hours due to slow networks or links going down. This option accepts decimal values.
If you enable retrying the transfer (--retry) then the maximum time counter is reset each time the transfer is retried. You can use --retry-max-time to limit the retry time.
The decimal value needs to be provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator - not the local version even if it might be using another separator. If --max-time is provided several times, the curl --max-time 10 https://example.com curl --max-time 2.92 https://example.com
See also --connect-timeout and --retry-max-time. This option was previously used to specify a Metalink resource. Metalink support is disabled in curl for security reasons (added in 7.78.0). If --metalink is provided several times, the last set curl --metalink file https://example.com Enable the use of Multipath TCP (MPTCP) for connections. MPTCP is an extension to the standard TCP that allows multiple TCP streams over different network paths between the same source and destination. This can enhance bandwidth and improve reliability by using multiple paths simultaneously.
MPTCP is beneficial in networks where multiple paths exist between clients and servers, such as mobile networks where a device may switch between WiFi and cellular data or in wired networks with multiple Internet Service Providers.
This option is currently only supported on Linux starting from kernel 5.6. Only TCP connections are modified, hence this option does not affect HTTP/3 (QUIC) or UDP connections.
The server curl connects to must also support MPTCP. If not, the connection seamlessly falls back to TCP. Providing --mptcp curl --mptcp https://example.com
Added in 8.9.0. See also --tcp-fastopen. (HTTP) Enable Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication.
This option requires a library built with GSS-API or SSPI support. Use --version to see if your curl supports GSS-API/SSPI or SPNEGO.
When using this option, you must also provide a fake --user option to activate the authentication code properly. Sending a '-u :' is enough as the username and password from the --user option are not actually used. Providing --negotiate multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-negotiate. curl --negotiate -u : https://example.com
See also --basic, --ntlm, --anyauth and --proxy-negotiate. Make curl scan the .netrc file in the user's home directory for login name and password. This is typically used for FTP on Unix. If used with HTTP, curl enables user authentication. See netrc(5) and ftp(1) for details on the file format. curl does not complain if that file does not have the right permissions (it should be neither world- nor group-readable). The environment variable "HOME" is used to find the home directory. If the "NETRC" environment variable is set, that filename is used as the netrc
If --netrc-file is used, that overrides all other ways to figure
The netrc file provides credentials for a hostname independent of which protocol and port number that are used.
On Windows two filenames in the home directory are checked: .netrc and _netrc, preferring the former. Older versions on Windows
A quick and simple example of how to setup a .netrc to allow curl to access the machine host.example.com with username "myself" and password "secret" could look similar to:
curl also supports the "default" keyword. This is the same as machine name except that default matches any name. There can be only one "default" token, and it must be after all machine tokens.
When providing a username in the URL and a .netrc file, curl looks for the password for that specific user for the given host if such an entry appears in the file before a "generic" "machine" entry without "login" specified. Providing --netrc multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-netrc. curl --netrc https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --netrc-file and --netrc-optional. See also --netrc-file, --config and --user. Set the netrc file to use. Similar to --netrc, except that you also provide the path (absolute or relative).
It abides by --netrc-optional if specified. If --netrc-file is curl --netrc-file netrc https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --netrc. See also --netrc, Similar to --netrc, but this option makes the .netrc usage optional and not mandatory as the --netrc option does. Providing --netrc-optional multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-netrc-optional. curl --netrc-optional https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --netrc. See also Use a separate operation for the following URL and associated options. This allows you to send several URL requests, each with their own specific options, for example, such as different usernames or custom requests for each.
--next resets all local options and only global ones have their values survive over to the operation following the --next instruction. Global options include --verbose, --trace, --trace-ascii and --fail-early.
For example, you can do both a GET and a POST in a single command
curl www1.example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com
--next can be used several times in a command line. curl https://example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com curl -I https://example.com --next https://example.net/
See also --parallel and --config. (HTTPS) Disable the ALPN TLS extension. ALPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built with an SSL library that supports ALPN. ALPN is used by a libcurl that supports HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions.
Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can use --alpn to enable ALPN. Providing --no-alpn multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --alpn. curl --no-alpn https://example.com
For --no-alpn to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support TLS. See also --no-npn and --http2. Disable the buffering of the output stream. In normal work situations, curl uses a standard buffered output stream that has the effect that it outputs the data in chunks, not necessarily exactly when the data arrives. Using this option disables that --buffer to enable buffering again. Providing --no-buffer multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --buffer. curl --no-buffer https://example.com
See also --progress-bar. When used in conjunction with the --output, --remote-header-name, --remote-name, or --remote-name-all options, curl avoids overwriting files that already exist. Instead, a dot and a number gets appended to the name of the file that would be created, up to filename.100 after which it does not create any file.
Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --clobber to enforce the clobbering, even if --remote-header-name is specified.
The --continue-at option cannot be used together with --no-clobber. Providing --no-clobber multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --clobber. curl --no-clobber --output local/dir/file https://example.com
Added in 7.83.0. See also --output and --remote-name. Disable the use of keepalive messages on the TCP connection. curl otherwise enables them by default. use --keepalive to enforce keepalive. Providing --no-keepalive curl --no-keepalive https://example.com
See also --keepalive-time and --keepalive-cnt. (HTTPS) curl never uses NPN, this option has no effect (added in
Disable the NPN TLS extension. NPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built with an SSL library that supports NPN. NPN is used by a libcurl that supports HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions. Providing --no-npn multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --npn. curl --no-npn https://example.com
For --no-npn to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support TLS. See also --no-alpn and --http2. Option to switch off the progress meter output without muting or otherwise affecting warning and informational messages like use --progress-meter to enable the progress meter again. Providing --no-progress-meter multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --progress-meter. curl --no-progress-meter -o store https://example.com
Added in 7.67.0. See also --verbose and --silent. (TLS) Disable curl's use of SSL session-ID caching. By default all transfers are done using the cache. Note that while nothing should ever get hurt by attempting to reuse SSL session-IDs, there seem to be broken SSL implementations in the wild that may require you to disable this in order for you to succeed. use --sessionid to enforce session-ID caching. Providing --no-sessionid multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it curl --no-sessionid https://example.com
--noproxy Comma-separated list of hosts for which not to use a proxy, if one is specified. The only wildcard is a single "*" character, which matches all hosts, and effectively disables the proxy. Each name in this list is matched as either a domain which contains the hostname, or the hostname itself. For example, "local.com" would match "local.com", "local.com:80", and "www.local.com", but not
To use international hostnames in this list, add the punycode
This option overrides the environment variables that disable the proxy ("no_proxy" and "NO_PROXY"). If there is an environment variable disabling a proxy, you can set the no proxy list to "" to
IP addresses specified to this option can be provided using CIDR notation (added in 7.86.0): an appended slash and number specifies the number of network bits out of the address to use in the comparison. For example "192.168.0.0/16" would match all addresses starting with "192.168". If --noproxy is provided several times, curl --noproxy "www.example" https://example.com (HTTP) Use NTLM authentication. The NTLM authentication method was designed by Microsoft and is used by IIS web servers. It is a proprietary protocol, reverse-engineered by clever people and implemented in curl based on their efforts. This kind of behavior should not be endorsed, you should encourage everyone who uses NTLM to switch to a public and documented authentication method
If you want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentication, then use --proxy-ntlm. Providing --ntlm multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ntlm. curl --ntlm -u user:password https://example.com
For --ntlm to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support TLS. See also --proxy-ntlm. (HTTP) Deprecated option (added in 8.8.0).
Enabled NTLM much in the style --ntlm does, but handed over the authentication to a separate executable that was executed when needed. Providing --ntlm-wb multiple times has no extra effect. curl --ntlm-wb -u user:password https://example.com
See also --ntlm and --proxy-ntlm. (IMAP LDAP POP3 SMTP HTTP) Specify the Bearer Token for OAUTH 2.0 server authentication. The Bearer Token is used in conjunction with the username which can be specified as part of the --url or
The Bearer Token and username are formatted according to RFC 6750. If --oauth2-bearer is provided several times, the last set value curl --oauth2-bearer "mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM" https://example.com
See also --basic, --ntlm and --digest. Discard all response output of a transfer silently. This is the more efficient and portable version of
curl https://host.example -o /dev/null
The transfer is done in full, all data is received and checked, but the bytes are not written anywhere. --out-null is associated with a single URL. Use it once per URL when you use several URLs curl "https://example.com" --out-null
Added in 8.16.0. See also --output, --remote-name, --remote-name-all and --remote-header-name. Write output to the given file instead of stdout. If you are using globbing in the URL to fetch multiple documents, you should quote the URL and you can use "#" followed by a number in the filename. That variable gets replaced with the current glob text. Like in:
curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt"
or use several variables like:
curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].example" -o "#1_#2"
You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have. For example, if you specify two URLs on the same command line, you can use it like this:
curl -o aa example.com -o bb example.net
and the order of the -o options and the URLs does not matter, only that the first -o is for the first URL and so on, so the above command line can also be written as
curl example.com example.net -o aa -o bb
See also the --create-dirs option to create the local directories dynamically. Specifying the output as '-' (a single dash) passes
To suppress response bodies, you can redirect output to /dev/null:
curl example.com -o /dev/null
Or, even more efficient and portable, use
curl example.com --out-null
Specify the filename as single minus to force the output to stdout, to override curl's internal binary output in terminal
curl https://example.com/jpeg -o -
Note that the binary output may be caused by the response being compressed, in which case you may want to use the --compressed
Since curl 8.21.0, the separate globbing parts can be named and referenced by their names. The case sensitive alphanumeric name is set enclosed within angle brackets after the opening character.
curl "https://fun.example/{one,two}.jpg" -o "save-#"
curl "ftp://ftp.example/file[1-100].txt" \
Referencing a named glob that is not set, causes an error.
Since curl 8.21.0, you can use parts of the upload filename when it uses globbing by setting a glob name and referencing it the same way you reference named URL globs. For example, if you upload three files to a single fixed HTTP URL and want to save the corresponding responses in separate files:
curl -T 'file{1,2,3}' \ https://upload.example/ -o 'response-#'
--output is associated with a single URL. Use it once per URL when you use several URLs in a command line. curl -o file https://example.com curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt" curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].example" -o "#1_#2" curl -o file https://example.com -o file2 https://example.net
See also --out-null, --remote-name, --remote-name-all, --remote-header-name and --compressed. Specify the directory in which files should be stored, when --remote-name or --output are used.
The given output directory is used for all URLs and output options on the command line, up until the first --next.
If the specified target directory does not exist, the operation fails unless --create-dirs is also used. If --output-dir is curl --output-dir "tmp" -O https://example.com
Added in 7.73.0. See also --remote-name and --remote-header-name. Make curl perform all transfers in parallel as compared to the regular serial manner. Parallel transfer means that curl runs up to N concurrent transfers simultaneously and if there are more than N transfers to handle, it starts new ones when earlier
With parallel transfers, the progress meter output is different from when doing serial transfers, as it then displays the transfer status for multiple transfers in a single line.
The maximum amount of concurrent transfers is set with --parallel-max and it defaults to 50. use of --next. Providing --parallel multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-parallel. curl --parallel https://example.com -o file1 https://example.com \
Added in 7.66.0. See also --next, --verbose, --parallel-max and When doing parallel transfers, this option instructs curl to prefer opening up more connections in parallel at once rather than waiting to see if new transfers can be added as multiplexed streams on another connection.
By default, without this option set, curl prefers to wait a little and multiplex new transfers over existing connections. It keeps the number of connections low at the expense of risking a slightly use of --next. Providing --parallel-immediate multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-parallel-immediate. curl --parallel-immediate -Z https://example.com -o file1 \ https://example.com -o file2
Added in 7.68.0. See also --parallel and --parallel-max. When asked to do parallel transfers, using --parallel, this option controls the maximum amount of transfers to do simultaneously.
The default is 50. 65535 is the largest supported value. use of --next. If --parallel-max is provided several times, the curl --parallel-max 100 -Z https://example.com ftp://example.com/
Added in 7.66.0. See also --parallel and --parallel-max-host.
--parallel-max-host controls the maximum amount of concurrent connections curl is allowed to do to the same protocol + hostname + port number
The limit is enforced by libcurl and queued "internally", which means that transfers that are waiting for an available connection still look like started transfers in the progress meter.
The default is 0 (unlimited). 65535 is the largest supported use of --next. If --parallel-max-host is provided several times, curl --parallel-max-host 5 -Z https://example.com \
Added in 8.16.0. See also --parallel and --parallel-max. (TLS SCP SFTP) Passphrase for the private key used for SSH or TLS. If --pass is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --pass secret --key file https://example.com
See also --key and --user. Do not handle sequences of /../ or /./ in the given URL path. Normally curl squashes or merges them according to standards but with this option set you tell it not to do that. Providing --path-as-is multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --path-as-is https://example.com/../../etc/passwd
See also --request-target. (TLS) Use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the peer. This can be a path to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER format, or any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by 'sha256//' and separated by ';'.
When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate indicating its identity. A public key is extracted from this certificate and if it does not exactly match the public key provided to this option, curl aborts the connection before sending or receiving any data.
This option is independent of option --insecure. If you use both options together then the peer is still verified by public key.
OpenSSL and GnuTLS, wolfSSL, mbedTLS, Schannel
OpenSSL, GnuTLS and wolfSSL, mbedTLS, Schannel
Other SSL backends not supported. If --pinnedpubkey is provided curl --pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com curl --pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' \ (HTTP) Respect RFC 7231/6.4.2 and do not convert POST requests into GET requests when following a 301 redirect. The non-RFC behavior is ubiquitous in web browsers, so curl does the conversion by default to maintain consistency. A server may require a POST to remain a POST after such a redirection. This option is meaningful only when using --location. Providing --post301 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --post301 --location -d "data" https://example.com
See also --post302, --post303 and --location. (HTTP) Respect RFC 7231/6.4.3 and do not convert POST requests into GET requests when following a 302 redirect. The non-RFC --post302 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --post302 --location -d "data" https://example.com
See also --post301, --post303 and --location. (HTTP) Violate RFC 7231/6.4.4 and do not convert POST requests into GET requests when following 303 redirect. A server may require a POST to remain a POST after a 303 redirection. This --post303 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --post303 --location -d "data" https://example.com
See also --post302, --post301 and --location.
--preproxy <[protocol://]host[:port]> Use the specified SOCKS proxy before connecting to an HTTP or HTTPS --proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS
The pre proxy string should be specified with a "protocol://" prefix to specify alternative proxy protocols. Use "socks4://", "socks4a://", "socks5://" or "socks5h://" to request the specific SOCKS version to be used. No protocol specified makes curl default
If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is
User and password that might be provided in the proxy string are URL decoded by curl. This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40 or pass in a colon with %3a. If --preproxy is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --preproxy socks5://proxy.example -x http://http.example \
See also --proxy and --socks5. Make curl display transfer progress as a simple progress bar instead of the standard, more informational, meter.
This progress bar draws a single line of '#' characters across the screen and shows a percentage if the transfer size is known. For transfers without a known size, there is a space ship (-=o=-) that moves back and forth but only while data is being transferred, with a set of flying hash sign symbols on top. use of --next. Providing --progress-bar multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-progress-bar. curl -# -O https://example.com
See also --styled-output. Limit what protocols to allow for transfers. Protocols are evaluated left to right, are comma separated, and are each a protocol name or 'all', optionally prefixed by a modifier.
Permit this protocol in addition to protocols already permitted (this is the default if no modifier is used).
Deny this protocol, removing it from the list of protocols
Permit only this protocol (ignoring the list already permitted), though subject to later modification by subsequent entries in the comma separated list.
For example: --proto -ftps uses the default protocols, but
--proto -all,https,+http only enables http and https
--proto =http,https also only enables http and https
Unknown and disabled protocols produce a warning. This allows scripts to safely rely on being able to disable potentially dangerous protocols, without relying upon support for that protocol being built into curl to avoid an error.
This option can be used multiple times, in which case the effect is the same as concatenating the protocols into one instance of the option. If --proto is provided several times, the last set curl --proto =http,https,sftp https://example.com
See also --proto-redir and --proto-default.
--proto-default Use protocol for any provided URL missing a scheme. The case-insensitive name should be given without any "://" suffix.
An unknown or unsupported protocol causes error CURLE_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL.
This option does not change the default proxy protocol (http).
Without this option set, curl guesses protocol based on the hostname, see --url for details.
The default protocol cannot be set to "ipfs" or "ipns". Those schemes need to be used explicitly in the URL. If --proto-default curl --proto-default https ftp.example.com
See also --proto and --proto-redir.
--proto-redir Limit what protocols to allow on redirects. Protocols denied by --proto are not overridden by this option. See --proto for how protocols are represented.
Example, allow only HTTP and HTTPS on redirect:
curl --proto-redir -all,http,https --follow http://example.com
By default curl only allows HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS on redirects . Specifying all or +all enables all protocols on redirects, which is not good for security. If --proto-redir is provided several curl --proto-redir =http,https --follow https://example.com
See also --proto and --follow.
-x, --proxy <[protocol://]host[:port]>
The proxy string can be specified with a "protocol://" prefix. No protocol specified or http:// it is treated as an HTTP proxy. Use "socks4://", "socks4a://", "socks5://" or "socks5h://" to request a specific SOCKS version to be used.
Unix domain sockets are supported for socks proxy. Set localhost for the host part. e.g. socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock
HTTPS proxy support works with the "https://" protocol prefix for OpenSSL and GnuTLS. It also works for mbedTLS, Rustls, Schannel and wolfSSL (added in 7.87.0).
Unrecognized and unsupported proxy protocol schemes cause an
This option overrides existing environment variables that set the proxy to use. If there is an environment variable setting a proxy, you can set proxy to "" to override it.
All operations that are performed over an HTTP proxy are transparently converted to HTTP. It means that certain protocol specific operations might not be available. This is not the case if you can tunnel through the proxy, as one with the --proxytunnel such as @ by using %40 or pass in a colon with %3a.
The proxy host can be specified the same way as the proxy environment variables, including the protocol prefix ("http://") and the embedded user + password.
When a proxy is used, the active FTP mode as set with --ftp-port,
Doing FTP over an HTTP proxy without --proxytunnel makes curl do HTTP with an FTP URL over the proxy. For such transfers, common FTP specific options do not work, including --ssl-reqd and --ftp-ssl-control. If --proxy is provided several times, the last curl --proxy http://proxy.example https://example.com
See also --socks5 and --proxy-basic. Automatically pick a suitable authentication method when communicating with the given HTTP proxy. This might cause an extra request/response round-trip. curl --proxy-anyauth --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy \
See also --proxy, --proxy-basic and --proxy-digest. Use HTTP Basic authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use --basic for enabling HTTP Basic with a remote host. Basic is the default authentication method curl uses with proxies. Providing --proxy-basic multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-basic. curl --proxy-basic --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy \
See also --proxy, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-digest. verification of the HTTPS proxy.
This option is independent of other HTTPS proxy CA certificate locations set at run time or build time. Those locations are searched in addition to the native CA store.
Equivalent to --ca-native but used in HTTPS proxy context. Refer to --ca-native for TLS backend limitations. Providing --proxy-ca-native multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-ca-native. curl --proxy-ca-native https://example.com
Added in 8.2.0. See also --ca-native, --cacert, --capath, --dump-ca-embed and --insecure. Use the specified certificate file to verify the HTTPS proxy. The
This allows you to use a different trust for the proxy compared to the remote server connected to via the proxy.
Equivalent to --cacert but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-cacert is provided several times, the last set value is curl --proxy-cacert CA-file.txt -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy-capath, --cacert, --capath, --dump-ca-embed and Same as --capath but used in HTTPS proxy context.
Use the specified certificate directory to verify the proxy. Multiple paths can be provided by separating them with colon (":") (e.g. "path1:path2:path3"). The certificates must be in PEM format, and if curl is built against OpenSSL, the directory must have been processed using the c_rehash utility supplied with OpenSSL. Using --proxy-capath can allow OpenSSL-powered curl to make SSL-connections much more efficiently than using --proxy-cacert if the --proxy-cacert file contains many CA --proxy-capath is provided several times, the last set value is curl --proxy-capath /local/directory -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy-cacert, --proxy, --capath and --dump-ca-embed.
--proxy-cert Use the specified client certificate file when communicating with an HTTPS proxy. The certificate must be PEM format. If the optional password is not specified, it is queried for on the terminal. Use --proxy-key to provide the private key.
This option is the equivalent to --cert but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-cert is provided several times, the last set curl --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy, --proxy-key and --proxy-cert-type. Set type of the provided client certificate when using HTTPS proxy. PEM, DER, ENG, PROV and P12 are recognized types. For Schannel it is P12. If --proxy-cert is a pkcs11: URI then ENG or PROV is the default type (depending on OpenSSL version).
Equivalent to --cert-type but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-cert-type is provided several times, the last set value is curl --proxy-cert-type PEM --proxy-cert file -x \ https://proxy.example https://example.com
See also --proxy-cert and --proxy-key. (TLS) Same as --ciphers but used in HTTPS proxy context.
Specify which cipher suites to use in the connection to your HTTPS proxy when it negotiates TLS 1.2 (1.1, 1.0). The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on cipher suite details
https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html If --proxy-ciphers is curl --proxy-ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:\ ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy-tls13-ciphers, --ciphers and --proxy. Provide filename for a PEM formatted file with a Certificate Revocation List that specifies peer certificates that are considered revoked when communicating with an HTTPS proxy.
Equivalent to --crlfile but only used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-crlfile is provided several times, the last set value is curl --proxy-crlfile rejects.txt -x https://proxy.example \
See also --crlfile and --proxy. Use HTTP Digest authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use --digest for enabling HTTP Digest with a remote host. Providing --proxy-digest multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-digest. curl --proxy-digest --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy \
See also --proxy, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-basic.
--proxy-header (HTTP) Extra header to include in the request when sending HTTP to a proxy. You may specify any number of extra headers. This is the equivalent option to --header but is for proxy communication only like in CONNECT requests when you want a separate header sent to the proxy to what is sent to the actual remote host. they only mess things up for you.
Headers specified with this option are not included in requests that curl knows are not to be sent to a proxy. read the headers from stdin.
This option can be used multiple times to add/replace/remove multiple headers. --proxy-header can be used several times in a curl --proxy-header "X-First-Name: Joe" -x http://proxy \ curl --proxy-header "User-Agent: surprise" -x http://proxy \ curl --proxy-header "Host:" -x http://proxy https://example.com
See also --proxy and --header. (HTTP) Negotiate HTTP/2 with an HTTPS proxy. The proxy might still only offer HTTP/1 and then curl sticks to using that version.
This has no effect for any other kinds of proxies.
This option is mutually exclusive with "--proxy-http3". Providing --proxy-http2 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --proxy-http2 -x proxy https://example.com
For --proxy-http2 to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support HTTP/2. This option is mutually exclusive with --proxy-http3. Added in 8.1.0. See also --proxy. (HTTP) Negotiate HTTP/3 with an HTTPS proxy. Fails to perform the transfer if the given proxy does not support HTTP/3.
This option is mutually exclusive with "--proxy-http2".
This feature is experimental and requires a build with HTTP/3 proxy support enabled. For autotools builds, use "--enable-proxy-http3". For CMake builds, use "-DUSE_PROXY_HTTP3=ON". Providing --proxy-http3 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-http3. curl --proxy-http3 -x proxy https://example.com
For --proxy-http3 to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl --proxy-http2. Added in 8.21.0. See also --proxy and Same as --insecure but used in HTTPS proxy context.
Every secure connection curl makes is verified to be secure before the transfer takes place. This option makes curl skip the verification step with a proxy and proceed without checking.
When this option is not used for a proxy using HTTPS, curl verifies the proxy's TLS certificate before it continues: that the certificate contains the right name which matches the hostname and that the certificate has been signed by a CA certificate present in the cert store. See this online resource for further details: https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html
WARNING: using this option makes the transfer to the proxy insecure. Providing --proxy-insecure multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-insecure. curl --proxy-insecure -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy and --insecure. Specify the filename for your private key when using client certificates with your HTTPS proxy. This option is the equivalent to --key but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-key is curl --proxy-key here -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy-key-type and --proxy. Specify the private key file type your --proxy-key provided private key uses. DER, PEM, and ENG are supported. If not specified, PEM is assumed.
Equivalent to --key-type but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-key-type is provided several times, the last set value is curl --proxy-key-type DER --proxy-key here -x \
See also --proxy-key and --proxy. Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use --negotiate for enabling HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) with a remote host. Providing --proxy-negotiate multiple curl --proxy-negotiate --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy \
See also --proxy-anyauth, --proxy-basic and --proxy-service-name. Use HTTP NTLM authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use --ntlm for enabling NTLM with a remote host. Providing --proxy-ntlm multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --proxy-ntlm --proxy-user user:passwd -x http://proxy \
See also --proxy-negotiate, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-user. Passphrase for the private key for HTTPS proxy client certificate.
Equivalent to --pass but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-pass is provided several times, the last set value is curl --proxy-pass secret --proxy-key here -x \
See also --proxy and --proxy-key.
--proxy-pinnedpubkey proxy. This can be a path to a file which contains a single public
Before curl 8.10.0 this option did not work due to a bug. If --proxy-pinnedpubkey is provided several times, the last set value curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' \
See also --pinnedpubkey and --proxy.
--proxy-service-name Set the service name for SPNEGO when doing proxy authentication. If --proxy-service-name is provided several times, the last set curl --proxy-service-name "shrubbery" -x proxy \
See also --service-name, --proxy and --proxy-negotiate. Do not work around a security flaw in the TLS1.0 protocol known as BEAST when communicating to an HTTPS proxy. If this option is not used, the TLS layer may use workarounds known to cause interoperability problems with some older server implementations.
This option only changes how curl does TLS 1.0 with an HTTPS proxy and has no effect on later TLS versions.
WARNING: this option loosens the TLS security, and by using this flag you ask for exactly that.
Equivalent to --ssl-allow-beast but used in HTTPS proxy context. Providing --proxy-ssl-allow-beast multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-ssl-allow-beast. curl --proxy-ssl-allow-beast -x https://proxy.example \
See also --ssl-allow-beast and --proxy.
--proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert Same as --ssl-auto-client-cert but used in HTTPS proxy context.
This is only supported by Schannel. Providing --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert. curl --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert -x https://proxy.example \
Added in 7.77.0. See also --ssl-auto-client-cert and --proxy.
--proxy-tls13-ciphers (TLS) Same as --tls13-ciphers but used in HTTPS proxy context. proxy when it negotiates TLS 1.3. The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details on
https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html
This option is used when curl is built to use OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later, Schannel, wolfSSL, or mbedTLS 3.6.0 or later.
Before curl 8.10.0 with mbedTLS or wolfSSL, TLS 1.3 cipher suites were set by using the --proxy-ciphers option. If --proxy-tls13-ciphers is provided several times, the last set curl --proxy-tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 -x proxy \
See also --proxy-ciphers, --tls13-ciphers and --proxy.
--proxy-tlsauthtype Deprecated option. This has no functionality since 8.22.0.
Set TLS authentication type with HTTPS proxy. The only supported option is "SRP", for TLS-SRP (RFC 5054). This option works only if the underlying libcurl is built with TLS-SRP support.
Equivalent to --tlsauthtype but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-tlsauthtype is provided several times, the last set value curl --proxy-tlsauthtype SRP -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy, --proxy-tlsuser and --proxy-tlspassword.
--proxy-tlspassword
Set password to use with the TLS authentication method specified with --proxy-tlsauthtype when using HTTPS proxy. Requires that
This option does not work with TLS 1.3.
Equivalent to --tlspassword but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-tlspassword is provided several times, the last set value curl --proxy-tlspassword passwd -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy and --proxy-tlsuser.
Set username for use for HTTPS proxy with the TLS authentication method specified with --proxy-tlsauthtype. Requires that --proxy-tlspassword also is set.
This option does not work with TLS 1.3. If --proxy-tlsuser is curl --proxy-tlsuser smith -x https://proxy.example \
See also --proxy and --proxy-tlspassword. Use at least TLS version 1.x when negotiating with an HTTPS proxy. That means TLS version 1.0 or higher
Equivalent to --tlsv1 but for an HTTPS proxy context. Providing --proxy-tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --proxy-tlsv1 -x https://proxy.example https://example.com
-U, --proxy-user Specify the username and password to use for proxy authentication.
If you use a Windows SSPI-enabled curl binary and do either Negotiate or NTLM authentication then you can tell curl to select the username and password from your environment by specifying a single colon with this option: "-U :".
On systems where it works, curl hides the given option argument from process listings. This is not enough to protect credentials from possibly getting seen by other users on the same system as they still are visible for a moment before being cleared. Such sensitive data should be retrieved from a file instead or similar and never used in clear text in a command line. If --proxy-user is curl --proxy-user smith:secret -x proxy https://example.com Use the specified HTTP 1.0 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080.
The only difference between this and the HTTP proxy option --proxy, is that attempts to use CONNECT through the proxy specifies an HTTP 1.0 protocol instead of the default HTTP 1.1. Providing --proxy1.0 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --proxy1.0 http://proxy https://example.com
See also --proxy, --socks5 and --preproxy. When an HTTP proxy is used --proxy, this option makes curl tunnel the traffic through the proxy. The tunnel approach is made with the HTTP proxy CONNECT request and requires that the proxy allows direct connection to the remote port number curl wants to tunnel
To suppress proxy CONNECT response headers when curl is set to output headers use --suppress-connect-headers. Providing --proxytunnel multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --proxytunnel -x http://proxy https://example.com (SFTP SCP) Public key filename. Allows you to provide your public key in this separate file.
curl attempts to automatically extract the public key from the private key file, so passing this option is generally not required. Note that this public key extraction requires libcurl to be linked against a copy of libssh2 1.2.8 or higher that is itself linked against OpenSSL. If --pubkey is provided several times, the curl --pubkey file.pub sftp://example.com/ (FTP SFTP) Send an arbitrary command to the remote FTP or SFTP server. Quote commands are sent BEFORE the transfer takes place (immediately after the initial PWD command in an FTP transfer, to be exact). To make commands take place after a successful transfer, prefix them with a dash '-'.
(FTP only) To make commands be sent after curl has changed the working directory, immediately before the file transfer command(s), prefix the command with a '+'.
You may specify any number of commands.
By default curl stops at first failure. To make curl continue even if the command fails, prefix the command with an asterisk (*). Otherwise, if the server returns failure for one of the commands, the entire operation is aborted.
You must send syntactically correct FTP commands as RFC 959 defines to FTP servers, or one of the commands listed below to
SFTP is a binary protocol. Unlike for FTP, curl interprets SFTP quote commands itself before sending them to the server. Filenames must be provided within double quotes to embed spaces, backslashes, quotes or double quotes. Within double quotes the following escape sequences are available for that purpose: \\, \",
Following is the list of all supported SFTP quote commands:
The atime command sets the last access time of the file named by the file operand. The date expression can be all sorts of date strings, see the curl_getdate(3) man page for date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0)
The chgrp command sets the group ID of the file named by the file operand to the group ID specified by the group operand. The group operand is a decimal integer group ID.
The chmod command modifies the file mode bits of the specified file. The mode operand is an octal integer mode number.
The chown command sets the owner of the file named by the file operand to the user ID specified by the user operand. The user operand is a decimal integer user ID.
ln source_file target_file
The ln and symlink commands create a symbolic link at the target_file location pointing to the source_file location.
The mkdir command creates the directory named by the
The mtime command sets the last modification time of the file named by the file operand. The date expression can be all sorts of date strings, see the curl_getdate(3) man page for date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0)
The pwd command returns the absolute path name of the current
The rename command renames the file or directory named by the source operand to the destination path named by the target
The rm command removes the file specified by the file operand.
The rmdir command removes the directory entry specified by the directory operand, provided it is empty.
symlink source_file target_file
--quote can be used several times in a command line. curl --quote "DELE file" ftp://example.com/foo Deprecated option. This option is ignored (added in 7.84.0). Prior to that it only had an effect on curl if built to use old versions
Specify the path name to file containing random data. The data may be used to seed the random engine for SSL connections. If --random-file is provided several times, the last set value is curl --random-file rubbish https://example.com (HTTP FTP SFTP FILE) Retrieve a byte range (i.e. a partial document) from an HTTP/1.1, FTP or SFTP server or a local FILE. Ranges can be specified in a number of ways.
specifies the first 500 bytes
specifies the second 500 bytes
specifies the last 500 bytes
specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and forward
specifies the first and last byte only(*)(HTTP)
specifies two separate 100-byte ranges(*) (HTTP)
(*) = NOTE that if specifying multiple ranges and the server supports it then it replies with a multiple part response that curl returns as-is. It contains meta information in addition to the requested bytes. Parsing or otherwise transforming this response is the responsibility of the caller.
Only digit characters (0-9) are valid in the 'start' and 'stop' fields of the 'start-stop' range syntax. If a non-digit character is given in the range, the server's response is unspecified, depending on the server's configuration.
Many HTTP/1.1 servers do not have this feature enabled, so that when you attempt to get a range, curl instead gets the whole
FTP and SFTP range downloads only support the simple 'start-stop' syntax (optionally with one of the numbers omitted). FTP use depends on the extended FTP command SIZE.
This command line option is mutually exclusive with --continue-at: you can only use one of them for a single transfer. If --range is curl --range 22-44 https://example.com
See also --continue-at and --append.
--rate Specify the maximum transfer frequency you allow curl to use - in number of transfer starts per time unit (sometimes called request rate). Without this option, curl starts the next transfer as fast
If given several URLs and a transfer completes faster than the allowed rate, curl waits until the next transfer is started to maintain the requested rate. This option has no effect when
The request rate is provided as "N/U" where N is an integer number and U is a time unit. Supported units are 's' (second), 'm' (minute), 'h' (hour) and 'd' /(day, as in a 24 hour unit). The default time unit, if no "/U" is provided, is number of transfers
If curl is told to allow 10 requests per minute, it does not start the next request until 6 seconds have elapsed since the previous
This function uses millisecond resolution. If the allowed frequency is set more than 1000 per second, it instead runs
When retrying transfers, enabled with --retry, the separate retry delay logic is used and not this setting.
Starting in version 8.10.0, you can specify the number of time units in the rate expression. Make curl do no more than 5 transfers per 15 seconds with "5/15s" or limit it to 3 transfers per 4 hours with "3/4h". No spaces allowed. use of --next. If --rate is provided several times, the last set curl --rate 2/s https://example.com ... curl --rate 3/h https://example.com ... curl --rate 14/m https://example.com ...
Added in 7.84.0. See also --limit-rate and --retry-delay. (HTTP) When used, it disables all internal HTTP decoding of content or transfer encodings and instead makes them passed on unaltered, raw. Providing --raw multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-raw. curl --raw https://example.com (HTTP) Set the referrer URL in the HTTP request. This can also be set with the --header flag of course. When used with --location you can append ";auto"" to the --referer URL to make curl automatically set the previous URL when it follows a Location: header. The ";auto" string can be used alone, even if you do not set an initial --referer. If --referer is provided several times, curl --referer "https://fake.example" https://example.com curl --referer "https://fake.example;auto" -L https://example.com curl --referer ";auto" -L https://example.com
See also --user-agent and --header. (HTTP) Tell the --remote-name option to use the server-specified Content-Disposition filename instead of extracting a filename from the URL. If the server-provided filename contains a path, that is stripped off before the filename is used.
The file is saved in the current directory, or in the directory specified with --output-dir.
If the server specifies a filename and a file with that name already exists in the destination directory, it is not overwritten and an error occurs - unless you allow it by using the --clobber option. If the server does not specify a filename then this option
There is no attempt to decode %-sequences (yet) in the provided filename, so this option may provide you with rather unexpected
This feature uses the name from the "filename" field, it does not yet support the "filename*" field (filenames with explicit
Starting in 8.19.0, curl falls back and uses the filename extracted from the last redirect header if no "Content-Disposition:" header provides a filename.
WARNING: Exercise judicious use of this option, especially on Windows. A rogue server could send you the name of a DLL or other file that could be loaded automatically by Windows or some third party software. Providing --remote-header-name multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-remote-header-name. curl -OJ https://example.com/file Write output to a local file named like the remote file we get. (Only the file part of the remote file is used, the path is cut
The file is saved in the current working directory. If you want the file saved in a different directory, make sure you change the current working directory before invoking curl with this option or
The remote filename to use for saving is extracted from the given URL, nothing else, and if it already exists it is overwritten. If you want the server to be able to choose the filename refer to --remote-header-name which can be used in addition to this option. If the server chooses a filename and that name already exists it
There is no URL decoding done on the filename. If it has %20 or other URL encoded parts of the name, they end up as-is as
Before curl 8.10.0, curl returned an error if the URL ended with a slash, which means that there is no filename part in the URL. Starting in 8.10.0, curl sets the filename to the last directory part of the URL or if that also is missing to "curl_response" (without extension) for this situation. --remote-name is associated with a single URL. Use it once per URL when you use several URLs in a command line. curl -O https://example.com/filename curl -O https://example.com/filename -O https://example.com/file2
See also --remote-name-all, --output-dir and --remote-header-name. Change the default action for all given URLs to be dealt with as if --remote-name were used for each one. If you want to disable that for a specific URL after --remote-name-all has been used, you must use "-o -" or --no-remote-name. Providing --remote-name-all curl --remote-name-all ftp://example.com/file1 \ Make curl attempt to figure out the timestamp of the remote file that is getting downloaded, and if that is available make the local file get that same timestamp. Providing --remote-time curl --remote-time -o foo https://example.com
See also --remote-name and --time-cond. Remove the output file if an error occurs. If curl returns an error when told to save output in a local file. This prevents curl from leaving a partial file in the case of an error during
If the output is not a regular file, this option has no effect. --remove-on-error. Providing --remove-on-error multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-remove-on-error. curl --remove-on-error -o output https://example.com
Added in 7.83.0. See also --fail. Change the method to use when starting the transfer.
curl passes on the verbatim string you give it in the request without any filter or other safe guards. That includes white space
Specifies a custom request method to use when communicating with the HTTP server. The specified request method is used instead of the method otherwise used (which defaults to GET). Read the HTTP 1.1 specification for details and explanations. Common additional HTTP requests include PUT and DELETE, while related technologies like WebDAV offers PROPFIND, COPY, MOVE
Normally you do not need this option. All sorts of GET, HEAD, POST and PUT requests are rather invoked by using dedicated
This option only changes the actual word used in the HTTP request, it does not alter the way curl behaves. For example if you want to make a proper HEAD request, using -X HEAD does not suffice. You need to use the --head option.
If --location is used, the method string you set with --request is used for all requests, which may cause unintended side-effects when curl does not change request method according to the HTTP 30x response codes - and similar. Consider using --follow instead in combination with --request.
Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of LIST when
Specifies a custom POP3 command to use instead of LIST or
Specifies a custom IMAP command to use instead of LIST.
Specifies a custom SMTP command to use instead of HELP or
If --request is provided several times, the last set value is curl --request "DELETE" https://example.com curl -X NLST ftp://example.com/
See also --request-target and --follow. (HTTP) Use an alternative target (path) instead of using the path as provided in the URL. Particularly useful when wanting to issue HTTP requests without leading slash or other data that does not follow the regular URL pattern, like "OPTIONS *". and control characters. If --request-target is provided several curl --request-target "*" -X OPTIONS https://example.com
--resolve <[+]host:port:addr[,addr]...> Provide a custom address for a specific host and port pair. Using this, you can make the curl requests(s) use a specified address and prevent the otherwise normally resolved address to be used. Consider it a sort of /etc/hosts alternative provided on the command line. The port number should be the number used for the specific protocol the host is used for. It means you need several entries if you want to provide addresses for the same host but
By specifying "*" as host you can tell curl to resolve any host and specific port pair to the specified address. Wildcard is resolved last so any --resolve with a specific host and port is
The provided address set by this option is used even if --ipv4 or --ipv6 is set to make curl use another IP version.
By prefixing the host with a '+' you can make the entry time out after curl's default timeout (1 minute). Note that this only makes sense for long running parallel transfers with a lot of files. In such cases, if this option is used curl tries to resolve the host as it normally would once the timeout has expired.
Provide IPv6 addresses within [brackets].
To redirect connects from a specific hostname or any hostname, independently of port number, consider the --connect-to option.
Support for resolving with wildcard was added in 7.64.0.
Support for the '+' prefix was added in 7.75.0.
Support for specifying the host component as an IPv6 address was added in 8.13.0. --resolve can be used several times in a command curl --resolve example.com:443:127.0.0.1 https://example.com curl --resolve example.com:443:[2001:db8::252f:efd6] \
See also --connect-to and --alt-svc. If a transient error is returned when curl tries to perform a transfer, it retries this number of times before giving up. Setting the number to 0 makes curl do no retries (which is the default). Transient error means either: a timeout, an FTP 4xx response code or an HTTP 408, 429, 500, 502, 503, 504, 522 or 524
When curl is about to retry a transfer, it first waits one second and then for all forthcoming retries it doubles the waiting time until it reaches 10 minutes, which then remains the set fixed delay time between the rest of the retries. By using --retry-delay you disable this exponential backoff algorithm. See also --retry-max-time to limit the total time allowed for retries.
curl complies with the Retry-After: response header if one was present to know when to issue the next retry (added in 7.66.0). If --retry is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl --retry 7 https://example.com
See also --retry-max-time, --retry-connrefused and --retry-delay. Retry on any error. This option is used together with --retry.
This option is the "sledgehammer" of retrying. Do not use this option by default (for example in your curlrc), there may be unintended consequences such as sending or receiving duplicate data. Do not use with redirected input or output. You might be better off handling your unique problems in a shell script. Please
WARNING: For server compatibility curl attempts to retry failed flaky transfers as close as possible to how they were started, but this is not possible with redirected input or output. For example, before retrying it removes output data from a failed partial transfer that was written to an output file. However this is not true of data redirected to a | pipe or > file, which are not reset. We strongly suggest you do not parse or record output via redirect in combination with this option, since you may receive
By default curl does not return an error for transfers with an HTTP response code that indicates an HTTP error, if the transfer was successful. For example, if a server replies 404 Not Found and the reply is fully received then that is not an error. When --retry is used then curl retries on some HTTP response codes that indicate transient HTTP errors, but that does not include most 4xx response codes such as 404. If you want to retry on all response codes that indicate HTTP errors (4xx and 5xx) then combine with --fail. Providing --retry-all-errors multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-retry-all-errors. curl --retry 5 --retry-all-errors https://example.com
Added in 7.71.0. See also --retry. In addition to the other conditions, also consider ECONNREFUSED as a transient error for --retry. This option is used together with --retry. Normally, a refused connection is not considered a transient error and therefore would not otherwise trigger a retry. Providing --retry-connrefused multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-retry-connrefused. curl --retry-connrefused --retry 7 https://example.com
See also --retry and --retry-all-errors. Make curl sleep this amount of time before each retry when a transfer has failed with a transient error (it changes the default backoff time algorithm between retries). This option is only interesting if --retry is also used. Setting this delay to zero makes curl use the default backoff time.
By default, curl uses an exponentially increasing timeout between
Starting in curl 8.16.0, this option accepts a time as decimal number for parts of seconds. The decimal value needs to be version even if it might be using another separator. If --retry-delay is provided several times, the last set value is curl --retry-delay 5 --retry 7 https://example.com
See also --retry and --retry-max-time.
--retry-max-time The retry timer is reset before the first transfer attempt. Retries are done as usual (see --retry) as long as the timer has not reached this given limit. Notice that if the timer has not reached the limit, the request is made and while performing, it may take longer than this given time period. To limit a single request's maximum time, use --max-time. Set this option to zero to
The retry timer starts immediately before the first transfer attempt and includes time spent sleeping between retries (such as delays defined by --retry-delay). Before each new retry is started, curl checks whether the elapsed time has reached the specified limit. If it has, no further retries are performed.
A transfer that has already started is allowed to run to completion even if this makes the total wall clock time exceed the limit. Use --max-time to also cap the duration of each individual --retry-max-time is provided several times, the last set value is curl --retry-max-time 30 --retry 10 https://example.com
See also --retry and --retry-delay.
--sasl-authzid (LDAP IMAP POP3 SMTP) Use this authorization identity (authzid), during SASL PLAIN authentication, in addition to the authentication identity (authcid) as specified by --user.
If the option is not specified, the server derives the authzid from the authcid, but if specified, and depending on the server implementation, it may be used to access another user's inbox, that the user has been granted access to, or a shared mailbox for example. If --sasl-authzid is provided several times, the last set curl --sasl-authzid zid imap://example.com/
Added in 7.66.0. See also --login-options. (LDAP IMAP POP3 SMTP) Enable initial response in SASL authentication. Such an "initial response" is a message sent by the client to the server after the client selects an authentication mechanism. Providing --sasl-ir multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-sasl-ir. curl --sasl-ir imap://example.com/
See also --sasl-authzid. Set the service name for SPNEGO. If --service-name is provided curl --service-name sockd/server https://example.com
See also --negotiate and --proxy-service-name. When used with --silent, it makes curl show an error message if it use of --next. Providing --show-error multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-show-error. curl --show-error --silent https://example.com
See also --no-progress-meter. (HTTP FTP) Show response headers in the output. HTTP response headers can include things like server name, cookies, date of the document, HTTP version and more. With non-HTTP protocols, the "headers" are other server communication.
This option makes the response headers get saved in the same stream/output as the data. --dump-header exists to save headers in
When HTTP headers are output to a tty, curl may use escape codes to make the header field names appear in bold and URLs in "Location:" headers be especially marked as such. Disable the use of terminal escape codes with --no-styled-output. (This means using the --styled-output option with a "--no-" prefix to disable
To view the request headers, consider the --verbose option.
Prior to 7.75.0 curl did not print the headers if --fail was used in combination with this option and there was an error reported by
This option was called --include before 8.10.0. The previous name remains functional. Providing --show-headers multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-show-headers. curl -i https://example.com
See also --verbose and --dump-header. (TLS) Set specific signature algorithms to use during SSL session establishment according to RFC 5246, 7.4.1.4.1.
An algorithm can use either a signature algorithm and a hash algorithm pair separated by a "+" (e.g. "ECDSA+SHA224"), or its TLS 1.3 signature scheme name (e.g. "ed25519").
Multiple algorithms can be provided by separating them with ":" (e.g. "DSA+SHA256:rsa_pss_pss_sha256"). The parameter is available as "-sigalgs" in the OpenSSL "s_client" and "s_server" utilities.
"--sigalgs" allows a OpenSSL powered curl to make SSL-connections with exactly the signature algorithms requested by the client, avoiding nontransparent client/server negotiations.
If this option is set, the default signature algorithm list built into OpenSSL are ignored. If --sigalgs is provided several times, curl --sigalgs ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 https://example.com
Added in 8.14.0. See also --ciphers. Silent or quiet mode. Do not show progress meter, note messages, warning messages or error messages. Makes curl mute. It still outputs the data you ask for, potentially even to the terminal/stdout unless you redirect it.
Use --show-error in addition to this option to disable progress meter but still show error messages. Providing --silent multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-silent. curl -s https://example.com
See also --verbose, --stderr and --no-progress-meter. If there is a local file present when a download is requested, the operation is skipped. Note that curl cannot know if the local file was previously downloaded fine, or if it is incomplete etc, it knows if there is a filename present in the file system or not and it skips the transfer if it is. Providing --skip-existing multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with curl --skip-existing --output local/dir/file https://example.com
Added in 8.10.0. See also --output, --remote-name and Use the specified SOCKS4 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. Using this socket type makes curl resolve the hostname and pass the address on to the
To specify the proxy on a Unix domain socket, use localhost for host and append the absolute path to the domain socket. For example: "socks4://localhost/path/to/socket.sock" (the scheme may
This option overrides any previous use of --proxy, as they are
This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks4 proxy with --proxy using a "socks4://" protocol prefix.
--preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case, curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If --socks4 is provided several times, curl --socks4 hostname:4096 https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --proxy, --socks4a, --socks5 and --socks5-hostname. See also --socks4a, --socks5 and Use the specified SOCKS4a proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. This asks the proxy to example: "socks4a://localhost/path/to/socket.sock" (the scheme may
This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks4a proxy with --proxy using a "socks4a://" protocol prefix. --proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case, curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If --socks4a is provided curl --socks4a hostname:4096 https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --proxy, --socks4, --socks5 and --socks5-hostname. See also --socks4, --socks5 and Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy - but resolve the hostname locally. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. example: "socks5://localhost/path/to/socket.sock" (the scheme may
This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 proxy with --proxy using a "socks5://" protocol prefix. SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy.
This option does not work with FTPS or LDAP. If --socks5 is curl --socks5 proxy.example:7000 https://example.com curl --socks5 localhost/path/unix-domain https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --proxy, --socks4, --socks4a and --socks5-hostname. See also --socks5-hostname and Use username/password authentication when connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy. The username/password authentication is enabled by default. Use --socks5-gssapi to force GSS-API authentication to SOCKS5 proxies. Providing --socks5-basic multiple times has no extra curl --socks5-basic --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com (GSS/kerberos) Use GSS-API authentication when connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy. The GSS-API authentication is enabled by default (if curl is compiled with GSS-API support). Use --socks5-basic to force username/password authentication to SOCKS5 proxies. Providing --socks5-gssapi multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-socks5-gssapi. curl --socks5-gssapi --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com (GSS/kerberos) As part of the GSS-API negotiation a protection mode is negotiated. RFC 1961 says in section 4.3/4.4 it should be protected, but the NEC reference implementation does not. The option --socks5-gssapi-nec allows the unprotected exchange of the protection mode negotiation. Providing --socks5-gssapi-nec curl --socks5-gssapi-nec --socks5 hostname:4096 \
--socks5-gssapi-service Set the service name for a socks server. Default is rcmd/server-fqdn. If --socks5-gssapi-service is provided several curl --socks5-gssapi-service sockd --socks5 hostname:4096 \
--socks5-hostname Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy (and let the proxy resolve the hostname). If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at example: "socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock" (the scheme may
This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 hostname proxy with --proxy using a "socks5h://" protocol prefix. SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If --socks5-hostname is curl --socks5-hostname proxy.example:7000 https://example.com --socks4a and --socks5. See also --socks5 and --socks4a.
-Y, --speed-limit If a transfer is slower than this set speed (in bytes per second) for a given number of seconds, it gets aborted. The time period is set with --speed-time and is 30 seconds by default. If --speed-limit is provided several times, the last set value is curl --speed-limit 300 --speed-time 10 https://example.com
See also --speed-time, --limit-rate and --max-time.
-y, --speed-time If a transfer runs slower than speed-limit bytes per second during a speed-time period, the transfer is aborted. If speed-time is used, the default speed-limit is 1 unless set with --speed-limit.
This option controls transfers (in both directions) but does not affect slow connects etc. If this is a concern for you, try the --connect-timeout option. If --speed-time is provided several
See also --speed-limit and --limit-rate. (FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP LDAP) Warning: this is considered an insecure option. Consider using --ssl-reqd instead to be sure curl upgrades
Try to use SSL/TLS for the connection - often referred to as STARTTLS or STLS because of the involved commands. Reverts to a non-secure connection if the server does not support SSL/TLS. See also --ftp-ssl-control and --ssl-reqd for different levels of
This option is handled in LDAP (added in 7.81.0). It is fully supported by the OpenLDAP backend and ignored by the generic ldap
Please note that a server may close the connection if the
If set, this option overrides --ftp-ssl-control.
This option was formerly known as --ftp-ssl. That option name can still be used but might be removed in a future version. Providing --ssl multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with curl --ssl pop3://example.com/
See also --ssl-reqd, --insecure and --ciphers. (TLS) Do not work around a security flaw in the TLS1.0 protocol known as BEAST. If this option is not used, the TLS layer may use workarounds known to cause interoperability problems with some older server implementations.
This option only changes how curl does TLS 1.0 and has no effect flag you ask for exactly that. Providing --ssl-allow-beast curl --ssl-allow-beast https://example.com
See also --proxy-ssl-allow-beast and --insecure. (TLS) (Schannel) Automatically locate and use a client certificate for authentication, when requested by the server. Since the server can request any certificate that supports client authentication in the OS certificate store it could be a privacy violation and unexpected. Providing --ssl-auto-client-cert multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-auto-client-cert. curl --ssl-auto-client-cert https://example.com
Added in 7.77.0. See also --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert. (TLS) (Schannel) Disable certificate revocation checks. WARNING: this option loosens the SSL security, and by using this flag you ask for exactly that. Providing --ssl-no-revoke multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-no-revoke. curl --ssl-no-revoke https://example.com (FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP LDAP) Require SSL/TLS for the connection - often referred to as STARTTLS or STLS because of the involved commands. Terminates the connection if the transfer cannot be supported by the OpenLDAP backend and rejected by the generic ldap backend if explicit TLS is required.
This option is unnecessary if you use a URL scheme that in itself implies immediate and implicit use of TLS, like for FTPS, IMAPS, POP3S, SMTPS and LDAPS. Such a transfer always fails if the TLS
This option was formerly known as --ftp-ssl-reqd. Providing --ssl-reqd multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again curl --ssl-reqd ftp://example.com
See also --ssl and --insecure. (TLS) (Schannel) Ignore certificate revocation checks when they failed due to missing/offline distribution points for the revocation check lists. Providing --ssl-revoke-best-effort --no-ssl-revoke-best-effort. curl --ssl-revoke-best-effort https://example.com
Added in 7.70.0. See also --crlfile and --insecure.
--ssl-sessions (TLS) **WARNING**: this option is experimental. Do not use in production. Use the given file to load SSL session tickets into curl's cache before starting any transfers. At the end of a successful curl run, the cached SSL sessions tickets are saved to the file, replacing any previous content.
The file does not have to exist, but curl reports an error if it is unable to create it. Unused loaded tickets are saved again, unless they get replaced or purged from the cache for space
Using a session file allows "--tls-earlydata" to send the first request in "0-RTT" mode, should an SSL session with the feature be found. Note that a server may not support early data. Also note that early data does not provide forward secrecy, e.g. is not as
The SSL session tickets are stored as base64 encoded text, each ticket on its own line. The hostnames are cryptographically salted and hashed. While this prevents someone from easily seeing the hosts you contacted, they could still check if a specific hostname matches one of the values.
This feature requires that the underlying libcurl was built with the experimental SSL session import/export feature (SSLS-EXPORT) enabled. If --ssl-sessions is provided several times, the last set curl --ssl-sessions sessions.txt https://example.com
Added in 8.12.0. See also --tls-earlydata. (SSL) This option previously asked curl to use SSLv2, but is now ignored (added in 7.77.0). SSLv2 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 6176). Providing --sslv2 multiple times has no extra curl --sslv2 https://example.com
For --sslv2 to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support TLS. This option is mutually exclusive with --sslv3, --tlsv1, --tlsv1.1 and --tlsv1.2. See also --http1.1 and (SSL) This option previously asked curl to use SSLv3, but is now ignored (added in 7.77.0). SSLv3 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 7568). Providing --sslv3 multiple times has no extra curl --sslv3 https://example.com
For --sslv3 to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is --sslv2, --tlsv1, --tlsv1.1 and --tlsv1.2. See also --http1.1 and Redirect all writes to stderr to the specified file instead. If the filename is a plain '-', it is instead written to stdout. use of --next. If --stderr is provided several times, the last set curl --stderr output.txt https://example.com
See also --verbose and --silent. Enable automatic use of bold font styles when writing HTTP headers to the terminal. Use --no-styled-output to switch them off.
Styled output requires a terminal that supports bold fonts. This feature is not present on curl for Windows due to lack of this use of --next. Providing --styled-output multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-styled-output. curl --styled-output -I https://example.com
See also --head and --verbose.
--suppress-connect-headers When --proxytunnel is used and a CONNECT request is made, do not output proxy CONNECT response headers. This option is meant to be used with --dump-header or --show-headers which are used to show protocol headers in the output. It has no effect on debug options such as --verbose or --trace, or any statistics. Providing --suppress-connect-headers multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-suppress-connect-headers. curl --suppress-connect-headers --show-headers -x proxy \
See also --dump-header, --show-headers and --proxytunnel. Enable use of TCP Fast Open (RFC 7413). TCP Fast Open is a TCP extension that allows data to be sent earlier over the connection (before the final handshake ACK) if the client and server have been connected previously. Providing --tcp-fastopen multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tcp-fastopen. curl --tcp-fastopen https://example.com Turn on the TCP_NODELAY option.
This option disables the Nagle algorithm on TCP connections. The purpose of this algorithm is to minimize the number of small packets on the network (where "small packets" means TCP segments less than the Maximum Segment Size for the network).
Maximizing the amount of data sent per TCP segment is good because it amortizes the overhead of the send. In some cases small segments may need to be sent without delay. This is less efficient than sending larger amounts of data at a time, and can contribute to congestion on the network if overdone.
curl sets this option by default and you need to explicitly switch it off if you do not want it on. Providing --tcp-nodelay multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tcp-nodelay. curl --tcp-nodelay https://example.com
-t, --telnet-option (TELNET) Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options
Sets the X display location.
Sets an environment variable.
--telnet-option can be used several times in a command line. curl -t TTYPE=vt100 telnet://example.com/ (TFTP) Set the TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be 512 or larger). This is the block size that curl tries to use when transferring data to or from a TFTP server. By default 512 bytes are used. If --tftp-blksize is provided several times, the last set value is curl --tftp-blksize 1024 tftp://example.com/file
See also --tftp-no-options. (TFTP) Do not send TFTP options requests. This improves interop with some legacy servers that do not acknowledge or properly implement TFTP options. When this option is used --tftp-blksize is ignored. Providing --tftp-no-options multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tftp-no-options. curl --tftp-no-options tftp://192.168.0.1/
See also --tftp-blksize. (HTTP FTP) Request a file that has been modified later than the given time and date, or one that has been modified before that time. The date expression can be all sorts of date strings or if it does not match any internal ones, it is treated as a filename and curl tries to get the modification date (mtime) from that file instead. See the curl_getdate(3) man page for date expression
Start the date expression with a dash (-) to make it request for a document that is older than the given date/time, default is a document that is newer than the specified date/time.
If provided a non-existing file, curl outputs a warning about that fact and proceeds to do the transfer without a time condition. If --time-cond is provided several times, the last set value is used. curl -z "Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com curl -z "-Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com curl -z file https://example.com
See also --etag-compare and --remote-time. (TLS) Enable the use of TLSv1.3 early data, also known as '0RTT' where possible. This has security implications for the requests
This option can be used when curl is built to use GnuTLS, OpenSSL, quictls and wolfSSL as a TLS provider (but not AWS-LC, BoringSSL,
If a server supports this TLSv1.3 feature, and to what extent, is announced as part of the TLS "session" sent back to curl. Until curl has seen such a session in a previous request, early data
When a new connection is initiated with a known TLSv1.3 session, and that session announced early data support, the first request on this connection is sent before the TLS handshake is complete. While the early data is also encrypted, it is not protected against replays. An attacker can send your early data to the server again and the server would accept it.
If your request contacts a public server and only retrieves a file, there may be no harm in that. If the first request orders a refrigerator for you, it is probably not a good idea to use early data for it. curl cannot deduce what the security implications of your requests actually are and make this decision for you.
The amount of early data sent can be inspected by using the "--write-out" variable "tls_earlydata".
WARNING: this option has security implications. See above for more details. Providing --tls-earlydata multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tls-earlydata. curl --tls-earlydata https://example.com
Added in 8.11.0. See also --tlsv1.3, --tls-max and --ssl-sessions. (TLS) Set the maximum allowed TLS version. The minimum acceptable version is set by tlsv1.0, tlsv1.1, tlsv1.2 or tlsv1.3.
If the connection is done without TLS, this option has no effect. This includes QUIC-using (HTTP/3) transfers.
Use up to the recommended TLS version.
If --tls-max is provided several times, the last set value is curl --tls-max 1.2 https://example.com curl --tls-max 1.3 --tlsv1.2 https://example.com
For --tls-max to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is built to support TLS. See also --tlsv1.0, --tlsv1.1, --tlsv1.2 and (TLS) Set which cipher suites to use in the connection if it negotiates TLS 1.3. The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details on this URL: later, wolfSSL, or mbedTLS 3.6.0 or later. were set by using the --ciphers option. If --tls13-ciphers is curl --tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 https://example.com
See also --ciphers, --proxy-tls13-ciphers and --curves. (TLS) Deprecated option. This has no functionality since 8.22.0.
Set TLS authentication type. Currently, the only supported option is "SRP", for TLS-SRP (RFC 5054). If --tlsuser and --tlspassword are specified but --tlsauthtype is not, then this option defaults to "SRP". This option works only if the underlying libcurl is built with TLS-SRP support, which requires OpenSSL or GnuTLS with TLS-SRP support. If --tlsauthtype is provided several times, the curl --tlsauthtype SRP https://example.com with --tlsauthtype. Requires that --tlsuser is set.
This option does not work with TLS 1.3. If --tlspassword is curl --tlspassword pwd --tlsuser user https://example.com
Set username for use with the TLS authentication method specified with --tlsauthtype. Requires that --tlspassword also is set.
This option does not work with TLS 1.3. If --tlsuser is provided (TLS) Use at least TLS version 1.x when negotiating with a remote TLS server. That means TLS version 1.0 or higher Providing --tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --tlsv1 https://example.com
For --tlsv1 to work, it requires that the underlying libcurl is --tlsv1.1, --tlsv1.2 and --tlsv1.3. See also --http1.1 and (TLS) Force curl to use TLS version 1.0 or later when connecting
In old versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.0. That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use --tls-max if you want to set a maximum TLS version. Providing --tlsv1.0 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --tlsv1.0 https://example.com (TLS) Force curl to use TLS version 1.1 or later when connecting TLS 1.1. That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS Providing --tlsv1.1 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --tlsv1.1 https://example.com
See also --tlsv1.3 and --tls-max. (TLS) Force curl to use TLS version 1.2 or later when connecting TLS 1.2. That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS Providing --tlsv1.2 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --tlsv1.2 https://example.com (TLS) Force curl to use TLS version 1.3 or later when connecting
Note that TLS 1.3 is not supported by all TLS backends. Providing --tlsv1.3 multiple times has no extra effect. curl --tlsv1.3 https://example.com
See also --tlsv1.2 and --tls-max. (HTTP) Request a compressed Transfer-Encoding response using one of the algorithms curl supports, and uncompress the data while
This method was once intended to be the way to do automatic data compression for HTTP but for all practical purposes using Content-Encoding as done with --compressed has superseded transfer encoding. The --tr-encoding option is therefore often not be one you want. Providing --tr-encoding multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tr-encoding. curl --tr-encoding https://example.com Save a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including descriptive information, in the given output file. Use "-" as filename to have the output sent to stdout. Use "%" as filename to have the output sent to stderr.
Note that verbose output of curl activities and network traffic might contain sensitive data, including usernames, credentials or secret data content. Be aware and be careful when sharing trace use of --next. If --trace is provided several times, the last set curl --trace log.txt https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --verbose and --trace-ascii. See also --trace-ascii, --trace-config, --trace-ids filename to send the output to stderr.
This is similar to --trace, but leaves out the hex part and only shows the ASCII part of the dump. It makes smaller output that might be easier to read for untrained humans. use of --next. If --trace-ascii is provided several times, the curl --trace-ascii log.txt https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --trace and --verbose. See also --verbose and --trace. Set configuration for trace output. A comma-separated list of components where detailed output can be made available from. Names are case-insensitive. Specify 'all' to enable all trace
In addition to trace component names, specify "ids" and "time" to avoid extra --trace-ids or --trace-time parameters.
See the curl_global_trace(3) man page for more details. use of --next. --trace-config can be used several times in a curl --trace-config ids,http/2 https://example.com
Added in 8.3.0. See also --verbose and --trace. Prepend the transfer and connection identifiers to each trace or verbose line that curl displays.
The identifiers are unique numbers assigned to each connection and transfer to allow a user to better understand which transfer and connection each verbose output line refers to. use of --next. Providing --trace-ids multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-trace-ids. curl --trace-ids --trace-ascii output https://example.com
Added in 8.2.0. See also --trace and --verbose. Prepend a time stamp to each trace or verbose line that curl use of --next. Providing --trace-time multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-trace-time. curl --trace-time --trace-ascii output https://example.com
See also --trace and --verbose. (HTTP) Connect to the server through this Unix domain socket, instead of using the network.
To connect to a proxy over Unix domain socket, see --proxy. If --unix-socket is provided several times, the last set value is curl --unix-socket socket-path https://example.com
See also --abstract-unix-socket. Upload the specified local file to the remote URL.
If there is no file part in the specified URL, curl appends the local file name to the end of the URL before the operation starts. You must use a trailing slash ("/") on the last directory to prove to curl that there is no filename or curl thinks that your last directory name is the remote filename to use.
When putting the local filename at the end of the URL, curl ignores what is on the left side of any slash ("/") or backslash ("\\") used in the filename and only appends what is on the right side of the rightmost such character.
Use the filename "-" (a single dash) to use stdin instead of a given file. Alternately, the filename "." (a single period) may be specified instead of "-" to use stdin in non-blocking mode to allow reading server output while stdin is being uploaded.
If this option is used with an HTTP(S) URL, the PUT method is
You can specify one --upload-file for each URL on the command line. Each --upload-file + URL pair specifies what to upload and to where. curl also supports globbing of the --upload-file argument, meaning that you can upload multiple files to a single URL by using the same URL globbing style supported in the URL.
curl --upload-file 'file{1,2,3}' ftp://ftp.example/ it uses globbing by setting a glob name and referencing that in the same way you reference named URL globs. For example, if you upload three files to a single fixed HTTP URL and want to save the
When uploading to an SMTP server (aka "sending email"): the uploaded data is assumed to be RFC 5322 formatted. It has to feature the necessary set of headers and mail body formatted correctly by the user as curl does not transcode nor encode it further in any way. --upload-file is associated with a single URL. Use it once per URL when you use several URLs in a command line. curl -T file https://example.com curl -T "img[1-1000].png" ftp://ftp.example.com/ curl --upload-file "{file1,file2}" https://example.com curl -T file -T file2 https://example.com https://example.com
See also --get, --head, --request and --data. (IMAP) Specify additional behavior to apply to uploaded files. Flags are specified as either a single flag value or a comma-separated list of flag values. These values are case-sensitive and may be negated by prepending them with a '-' character. Currently the following flag values are accepted: answered, deleted, draft, flagged, and seen. The currently accepted flag values are used to set flags on IMAP uploads. If --upload-flags is provided several times, the last set value is curl --upload-flags Flagged,!Seen --upload-file local/dir/file \
Added in 8.13.0. See also --upload-file. Specify a URL to fetch or send data to.
If the given URL is missing a scheme (such as "http://" or "ftp://" etc) curl guesses which scheme to use based on the hostname. If the outermost subdomain name matches DICT, FTP, IMAP, LDAP, POP3 or SMTP case insensitively, then that protocol is used, otherwise it assumes HTTP. Scheme guessing can be avoided by providing a full URL including the scheme, or disabled by setting a default protocol, see --proto-default for details.
To control where the contents of a retrieved URL is written instead of the default stdout, use the --output or the --remote-name options. When retrieving multiple URLs in a single invoke, each provided URL needs its own dedicated destination option unless --remote-name-all is used.
On Windows, "file://" accesses can be converted to network accesses by the operating system.
Starting in curl 8.13.0, curl can be told to download URLs provided in a text file, one URL per line. It is done with "--url @filename": so instead of a URL, you specify a filename prefixed with the "@" symbol. It can be told to load the list of URLs from stdin by providing an argument like "@-".
When downloading URLs given in a file, it implies using --remote-name for each provided URL. The URLs are full, there is no globbing applied or done on these. Features such as --skip-existing work fine in combination with this.
Lines in the URL file that start with "#" are treated as comments and are skipped. --url can be used several times in a command curl --url https://example.com
See also --next, --config, --path-as-is and --disallow-username-in-url. Add a piece of data, usually a name + value pair, to the end of the URL query part. The syntax is identical to that used for --data-urlencode with one extension:
If the argument starts with a '+' (plus), the rest of the string is provided as-is unencoded.
The query part of a URL is the one following the question mark on the right end. --url-query can be used several times in a command curl --url-query name=val https://example.com curl --url-query =encodethis http://example.net/foo curl --url-query name@file https://example.com curl --url-query @fileonly https://example.com curl --url-query "+name=%20foo" https://example.com
Added in 7.87.0. See also --data-urlencode and --get. (FTP LDAP TFTP) Enable ASCII transfer mode. For FTP, this can also be enforced by using a URL that ends with ";type=A". For TFTP, this can also be enforced by using a URL that ends with ";mode=netascii". This option causes data sent to stdout to be in text mode for Win32 systems. Providing --use-ascii multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-use-ascii. curl -B ftp://example.com/README
See also --crlf and --data-ascii.
-u, --user Specify the username and password to use for server authentication. Overrides --netrc and --netrc-optional.
If you specify only the username, curl prompts for a password.
The username and passwords are split up on the first colon, which makes it impossible to use a colon in the username with this option. The password can, still. and never used in clear text in a command line.
When using Kerberos V5 with a Windows based server you should include the Windows domain name in the username, in order for the server to successfully obtain a Kerberos Ticket. If you do not, then the initial authentication handshake may fail.
When using NTLM, the username can be specified without the domain, if there is a single domain and forest in your setup for example.
To specify the domain name use either Down-Level Logon Name or UPN (User Principal Name) formats. For example, EXAMPLE\user and [email protected] respectively.
If you use a Windows SSPI-enabled curl binary and perform Kerberos V5, Negotiate, NTLM or Digest authentication then you can tell curl to select the username and password from your environment by specifying a single colon with this option: "-u :". If --user is curl -u user:secret https://example.com
See also --netrc and --config. (HTTP) Specify the User-Agent string to send to the HTTP server. To encode blanks in the string, surround the string with single or double quote marks. This header can also be set with the --header or the --proxy-header options.
If you give an empty argument to --user-agent (""), it removes the header completely from the request. If you prefer a blank header, you can set it to a single space (" ").
By default, curl uses curl/VERSION, such as User-Agent: curl/8.22.0. If --user-agent is provided several times, the last curl -A "Agent 007" https://example.com
See also --header and --proxy-header.
--variable <[%]name=text/@file> Set a variable with "name=content" or "name@file" (where "file" can be stdin if set to a single dash ("-")). The name is a case sensitive identifier that must consist of no other letters than a-z, A-Z, 0-9 or underscore. The specified content is then associated with this identifier.
Setting the same variable name again overwrites the old contents
The contents of a variable can be referenced in a later command line option when that option name is prefixed with "--expand-", and the name is used as "{{name}}".
--variable can import environment variables into the name space. Opt to either require the environment variable to be set or provide a default value for the variable in case it is not already
--variable %name imports the variable called "name" but exits with an error if that environment variable is not already set. To provide a default value if the environment variable is not set, use --variable %name=content or --variable %name@content. Note that on some systems - but not all - environment variables are
Added in curl 8.12.0: you can get a byte range from the source by appending "[start-end]" to the variable name, where start and end are byte offsets to include from the contents. For example, asking for offset "2-10" means offset two to offset ten, inclusive, resulting in 9 bytes in total. "2-2" means a single byte at offset 2. Not providing a second number implies to the end of data. The start offset cannot be larger than the end offset. Asking for a range that is outside of the file size makes the variable contents empty. For example, getting the first one hundred bytes from a
curl --variable "fraction[0-99]@filename"
Given a byte range that has no data results in an empty string. Asking for a range that is larger than the content makes curl use the piece of the data that exists.
To assign a variable using contents from another variable, use --expand-variable. Like for example assigning a new variable using
curl --expand-variable "user={{firstname}} {{lastname}}"
When expanding variables, curl supports a set of functions that can make the variable contents more convenient to use. You apply a function to a variable expansion by adding a colon and then list the desired functions in a comma-separated list that is evaluated in a left-to-right order. Variable content holding null bytes that are not encoded when expanded causes an error.
removes all leading and trailing white space.
curl --expand-url https://example.com/{{var:trim}}
outputs the content using JSON string quoting rules.
curl --expand-data {{data:json}} https://example.com
shows the content URL (percent) encoded.
curl --expand-url https://example.com/{{path:url}}
expands the variable base64 encoded
curl --expand-url https://example.com/{{var:b64}}
decodes a base64 encoded character sequence. If the sequence is not possible to decode, it instead outputs "[64dec-fail]"
curl --expand-url https://example.com/{{var:64dec}}
--variable can be used several times in a command line. curl --variable name=smith --expand-url "https:\
Added in 8.3.0. See also --config. Make curl output verbose information during the operation. Useful for debugging and seeing what's going on under the hood. Verbose output lines are prefixed with letters:
additional info provided by curl. Text that adds explanations what goes on and about choices curl does.
If you only want HTTP headers in the output, --show-headers or --dump-header might be more suitable options.
Since curl 8.10, mentioning this option several times in the same argument increases the level of the trace output. As before, a single --verbose or --no-verbose reverts any additions by previous "-vv" again. This means that "-vv -v" is equivalent to a single -v. This avoids unwanted verbosity when the option is mentioned in the command line and curl config files.
Using it twice, e.g. "-vv", outputs time (--trace-time) and transfer ids (--trace-ids), as well as enabling tracing for all protocols (--trace-config protocol).
Adding a third verbose outputs transfer content (--trace-ascii %) and enables tracing of more components (--trace-config
A fourth time adds tracing of all network components. (--trace-config network).
Any addition of the verbose option after that has no effect.
If you think this option does not give you the right details, consider using --trace or --trace-ascii instead. Or use it only once and use --trace-config to trace the specific components you
When the output contains protocol headers, those lines might include carriage return (ASCII code 13) characters, even on platforms that otherwise normally only use linefeed to signify line separations - as curl shows the exact contents arriving from use of --next. Providing --verbose multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-verbose. curl --verbose https://example.com
This option is mutually exclusive with --trace and --trace-ascii. See also --show-headers, --silent, --trace and --trace-ascii. Display information about curl and the libcurl version it uses.
The first line includes the full version of curl, libcurl and other 3rd party libraries linked with the executable.
This line may contain one or more TLS libraries. curl can be built to support more than one TLS library which then makes curl - at start-up - select which particular backend to use for this
If curl supports more than one TLS library like this, the ones that are not selected by default are listed within parentheses. Thus, if you do not specify which backend to use (with the "CURL_SSL_BACKEND" environment variable) the one listed without parentheses is used. Such builds also have "MultiSSL" set as a
The second line (starts with "Release-Date:") shows the release
The third line (starts with "Protocols:") shows all protocols that libcurl reports to support.
The fourth line (starts with "Features:") shows specific features libcurl reports to offer. Available features include:
Support for the Alt-Svc: header is provided.
This curl uses asynchronous name resolves. Asynchronous name resolves can be done using either the c-ares or the threaded
Support for automatic brotli compression over HTTP(S).
curl was built with support for character set conversions
This curl uses a libcurl built with Debug. This enables more error-tracking and memory debugging etc. For curl-developers
The built-in SASL authentication includes extensions to support SCRAM because libcurl was built with libgsasl.
HTTP/2 support has been built-in.
HTTP/3 support has been built-in.
This curl is built to support HTTPS proxy.
This curl supports IDN - international domain names.
You can use IPv6 with this.
Kerberos V5 authentication is supported.
This curl supports transfers of large files, files larger than
Automatic decompression (via gzip, deflate) of compressed files over HTTP is supported.
This curl supports multiple TLS backends.
NTLM authentication is supported.
NTLM delegation to winbind helper is supported. This feature was removed from curl in 8.8.0.
PSL is short for Public Suffix List and means that this curl has been built with knowledge about "public suffixes".
SPNEGO authentication is supported.
SSL versions of various protocols are supported, such as HTTPS, FTPS, POP3S and so on.
This build supports TLS session export/import, like with the
Unicode support on Windows.
Unix sockets support is provided.
Automatic decompression (via zstd) of compressed files over
See also --help and --manual.
--vlan-priority Set VLAN priority as defined in IEEE 802.1Q.
This field is set on Ethernet level, and only works within a local
The valid range for is 0 to 7. If --vlan-priority is curl --vlan-priority 4 https://example.com
Added in 8.9.0. See also --ip-tos. Make curl display information on stdout after a completed transfer. The format is a string that may contain plain text mixed with any number of variables. The format can be specified as a literal "string", or you can have curl read the format from a file with "@filename" and to tell curl to read the format from stdin
The variables present in the output format are substituted by the value or text that curl thinks fit, as described below. All variables are specified as %{variable_name} and to output a normal % you write them as %%. You can output a newline by using \n, a carriage return with \r and a tab space with \t.
The output is by default written to standard output, but can be changed with %{stderr} and %output{}.
Output HTTP header values from the transfer's most recent server response by using %header{name} where name is the case insensitive name of the header (without the trailing colon). The header contents are exactly as delivered over the network but with leading and trailing whitespace and newlines stripped off (added
Select a specific target destination file to write the output to, by using %output{name} (added in curl 8.3.0) where name is the full filename. The output following that instruction is then written to that file. More than one %output{} instruction can be specified in the same write-out argument. If the filename cannot be created, curl leaves the output destination to the one used prior to the %output{} instruction. Use %output{>>name} to append data to an existing file.
This output is done independently of if the file transfer was
If the specified action or output specified with this option fails in any way, it does not make curl return a (different) error.
NOTE: On Windows, the %-symbol is a special symbol used to expand environment variables. In batch files, all occurrences of % must be doubled when using this option to properly escape. If this option is used at the command prompt then the % cannot be escaped and unintended expansion is possible.
The variables available are:
Output the certificate chain with details. Supported only by the OpenSSL, GnuTLS, Schannel and Rustls backends. (Added in
The connection identifier last used by the transfer. The connection id is unique number among all connections using the same connection cache. (Added in 8.2.0)
The Content-Type of the requested document, if there was any.
The error message. (Added in 7.75.0)
The numerical exit code of the transfer. (Added in 7.75.0)
The ultimate filename that curl writes out to. This is only meaningful if curl is told to write to a file with the --remote-name or --output option. It is most useful in combination with the --remote-header-name option.
The initial path curl ended up in when logging on to the
The value of header "name" from the transfer's most recent server response. Unlike other variables, the variable name "header" is not in braces. For example "%header{date}". Refer to --write-out remarks. (Added in 7.84.0)
Starting with 8.17.0, output the contents of all header fields using a specific name - even for a whole redirect "chain" by appending ":all:[separator]" to the header name. The "[separator]" string (if not blank) is output between the headers if there are more than one. When more than one header is shown, they are output in the chronological order of appearance over the wire. To include a close brace ("}") in the separator, escape it with a backslash: "\}".
A JSON object with all HTTP response headers from the recent transfer. Values are provided as arrays, since in the case of multiple headers there can be multiple values. (Added in
The header names provided in lowercase, listed in order of appearance over the wire. Except for duplicated headers. They are grouped on the first occurrence of that header, each value is presented in the JSON array.
The numerical response code that was found in the last retrieved HTTP(S) or FTP(s) transfer.
The numerical code that was found in the last response (from a proxy) to a curl CONNECT request.
The http version that was effectively used.
A JSON object with all available keys except "header_json".
The IP address of the local end of the most recently done connection - can be either IPv4 or IPv6.
The local port number of the most recently done connection.
The http method used in the most recent HTTP request. (Added
Number of server certificates received in the TLS handshake. Supported only by the OpenSSL, GnuTLS, Schannel and Rustls
Number of new connects made in the recent transfer.
The number of response headers in the most recent request (restarted at each redirect). Note that the status line IS NOT
Number of redirects that were followed in the request.
Number of retries actually performed when "--retry" has been
The rest of the output is only shown if the transfer returned a non-zero error. (Added in 7.75.0)
From this point on, the --write-out output is written to the filename specified in braces. The filename can be prefixed with ">>" to append to the file. Unlike other variables, the variable name "output" is not in braces. For example "%output{>>stats.txt}". Refer to --write-out remarks. (Added
The result of the HTTPS proxy's SSL peer certificate verification that was requested. 0 means the verification was
Returns 1 if the previous transfer used a proxy, otherwise 0. Useful for example to determine if a "NOPROXY" pattern matched the hostname or not. (Added in 8.7.0)
When an HTTP request was made without --location to follow redirects (or when --max-redirs is met), this variable shows the actual URL a redirect would have gone to.
The Referer: header, if there was any. (Added in 7.76.0)
The remote IP address of the most recently done connection -
The remote port number of the most recently done connection. transfer (formerly known as "http_code").
The URL scheme (sometimes called protocol) that was
The total amount of data that were saved or written to stdout. When --compressed is used, this is likely different than "size_download". Includes the headers in the count if
The total amount of bytes that were downloaded. This is the size of the body/data that was transferred, excluding headers.
The total amount of bytes of the downloaded headers, as represented in HTTP/1-style header format.
The total amount of bytes that were sent in the HTTP request.
The total amount of bytes that were uploaded. This is the size of the body/data that was transferred, excluding headers.
The average download speed that curl measured for the complete
The average upload speed that curl measured for the complete
The result of the SSL peer certificate verification that was requested. 0 means the verification was successful.
From this point on, the --write-out output is written to standard output. This is the default, but can be used to switch back after switching to stderr.
Output the current UTC time using "strftime()" format. See TIME OUTPUT FORMAT below for details. (Added in 8.16.0)
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the SSL/SSH/etc connect/handshake to the remote host was
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the TCP connect to the remote host (or proxy) was completed.
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the name
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the last byte is sent by libcurl. (Added in 8.10.0)
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until immediately before the file transfer was about to begin. This includes all pre-transfer commands and negotiations that are specific to the particular protocol(s) involved.
The time, in seconds, the transfer was queued during its run. This adds the queue time for each redirect step that may have happened. Transfers may be queued for significant amounts of time when connection or parallel limits are in place. (Added
The time, in seconds, it took for all redirection steps including name lookup, connect, pretransfer and transfer before the final transaction was started. "time_redirect" shows the complete execution time for multiple redirections.
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the first byte was received. This includes time_pretransfer and also the time the server needed to calculate the result.
The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted.
The amount of bytes that were sent as TLSv1.3 early data. This is 0 if this TLS feature was not used and negative if the data sent had been rejected by the server. The use of early data is enabled via the command line option "--tls-earlydata". (Added
The URL that was fetched. (Added in 7.75.0)
The scheme part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
The user part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
The password part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in
The options part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
The host part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
The port number of the URL that was fetched. If no port number was specified and the URL scheme is known, that scheme's default port number is shown. (Added in 8.1.0)
The path part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
The query part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
The fragment part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in
The zone id part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
The scheme part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched.
The user part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched.
The password part of the effective (last) URL that was
The options part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched.
The host part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched.
The port number of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. If no port number was specified, but the URL scheme is known, that scheme's default port number is shown. (Added in 8.1.0)
The path part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched.
The query part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched.
The fragment part of the effective (last) URL that was
The zone id part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched.
The URL index number of this transfer, 0-indexed. Unglobbed URLs share the same index number as the origin globbed URL.
The URL that was fetched last. This is most meaningful if you have told curl to follow location: headers.
The numerical identifier of the last transfer done. -1 if no transfer has been started yet for the handle. The transfer id is unique among all transfers performed using the same connection cache. (Added in 8.2.0)
To show time with "%time{}" the characters within "{}" create a special format string that may contain special character sequences called conversion specifications. Each conversion specification starts with "%" and is followed by a character that instructs curl to output a particular time detail. All other characters used are
The following conversion specification are available:
The abbreviated name of the day of the week according to the
The full name of the day of the week according to the current
The abbreviated month name according to the current locale.
The full month name according to the current locale.
The preferred date and time representation for the current locale. (In the POSIX locale this is equivalent to "%a %b %e
The century number (year/100) as a 2-digit integer.
The day of the month as a decimal number (range 01 to 31).
Equivalent to "%m/%d/%y". In international contexts, this format is ambiguous and should be avoided.)
Like "%d", the day of the month as a decimal number, but a leading zero is replaced by a space.
The number of microseconds elapsed of the current second. (This a curl special code and not a standard one.)
Equivalent to "%Y-%m-%d" (the ISO 8601 date format).
The ISO 8601 week-based year with century as a decimal number. The 4-digit year corresponding to the ISO week number (see "%V"). This has the same format and value as "%Y", except that if the ISO week number belongs to the previous or next year,
Like "%G", but without century, that is, with a 2-digit year
The hour as a decimal number using a 24-hour clock (range 00
The hour as a decimal number using a 12-hour clock (range 01
The day of the year as a decimal number (range 001 to 366).
The hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number (range 0 to 23); single digits are preceded by a blank.
The hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number (range 1 to 12);
The month as a decimal number (range 01 to 12).
The minute as a decimal number (range 00 to 59).
Either "AM" or "PM" according to the given time value, or the corresponding strings for the current locale. Noon is treated as "PM" and midnight as "AM".
Like "%p" but in lowercase: "am" or "pm" or a corresponding string for the current locale.
The time in am or pm notation.
The time in 24-hour notation ("%H:%M"). For a version including the seconds, see "%T" below.
The number of seconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00
The second as a decimal number (range 00 to 60). (The range is up to 60 to allow for occasional leap seconds.) See "%f" for
The time in 24-hour notation ("%H:%M:%S").
The day of the week as a decimal, range 1 to 7, Monday being
The week number of the current year as a decimal number, range 00 to 53, starting with the first Sunday as the first day of week 01. See also "%V" and "%W".
The ISO 8601 week number (see NOTES) of the current year as a decimal number, range 01 to 53, where week 1 is the first week that has at least 4 days in the new year. See also "%U" and
The day of the week as a decimal, range 0 to 6, Sunday being 00 to 53, starting with the first Monday as the first day of
The preferred date representation for the current locale
The preferred time representation for the current locale
The year as a decimal number without a century (range 00 to
The year as a decimal number including the century.
The "+hhmm" or "-hhmm" numeric timezone (that is, the hour and minute offset from UTC). As time is always UTC, this outputs
The timezone name. For some reason "GMT".
If --write-out is provided several times, the last set value is curl -w '%{response_code}\n' https://example.com
See also --verbose and --head. Store metadata in the extended file attributes.
When saving output to a file, tell curl to store file metadata in extended file attributes. Currently, "curl" is stored in the "creator" attribute, the URL is stored in the "xdg.origin.url" attribute, for HTTP, the content type is stored in the "mime_type" attribute, and if set, the referrer URL in "user.xdg.referrer.url". If the file system does not support extended attributes, a warning is issued.
Since curl 8.22.0 this option is also supported on Windows, where it creates an Alternate Data Stream named "Zone.Identifier". It contains an INI formatted "ZoneTransfer" section, with values: "HostUrl", "ReferrerUrl" (if set). Providing --xattr multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-xattr. curl --xattr -o storage https://example.com
See also --remote-time, --write-out and --verbose.
Default config file, see --config for details.
The environment variables can be specified in lower case or upper case. The lower case version has precedence. "http_proxy" is an exception as it is only available in lower case. (Note that some systems, like Windows, do not differentiate between environment variables using different case.)
Using an environment variable to set the proxy has the same effect as
http_proxy [protocol://][:port]
Sets the proxy server to use for HTTP.
HTTPS_PROXY [protocol://][:port]
Sets the proxy server to use for HTTPS.
[url-protocol]_PROXY [protocol://][:port]
Sets the proxy server to use for [url-protocol], where the protocol is a protocol that curl supports and as specified in a URL. FTP, FTPS,
ALL_PROXY [protocol://][:port]
Sets the proxy server to use if no protocol-specific proxy is set.
NO_PROXY
list of hostnames that should not go through any proxy. If set to an asterisk '*' only, it matches all hosts. Each name in this list is matched as either a domain name which contains the hostname, or the
This environment variable disables use of the proxy even when specified with the --proxy option. That is
NO_PROXY=direct.example.com curl -x http://proxy.example.com https://direct.example.com
accesses the target URL directly, and https://somewhere.example.com
accesses the target URL through the proxy.
The list of hostnames can also include numerical IP addresses, and IPv6 versions should then be given without enclosing brackets.
IP addresses can be specified using CIDR notation: an appended slash and number specifies the number of "network bits" out of the address to use in the comparison (added in 7.86.0). For example "192.168.0.0/16" would match all addresses starting with "192.168".
On Windows, this variable is used when trying to find the home directory. If the primary home variables are all unset.
If set, the specified number of characters is used as the terminal width when the alternative progress-bar is shown. If not set, curl tries to figure it out using other ways.
If set, it is used as the --cacert value. This environment variable is ignored if Schannel is used as the TLS backend.
If set, is the first variable curl checks when trying to find its home directory. If not set, it continues to check XDG_CONFIG_HOME
CURL_SSL_BACKEND
If curl was built with support for "MultiSSL", meaning that it has built-in support for more than one TLS backend, this environment variable can be set to the case insensitive name of the particular backend to use when curl is invoked. Setting a name that is not a built-in alternative makes curl stay with the default.
SSL backend names (case-insensitive): gnutls, mbedtls, openssl,
If set, this is used to find the home directory when that is needed. Like when looking for the default .curlrc. CURL_HOME and XDG_CONFIG_HOME have preference.
If set, this is used to find the ".netrc" file. It overrides all other netrc file location mechanisms and should be set to the full file
If curl was built with HTTP/3 support, setting this environment variable to a local directory makes curl produce qlogs in that directory, using file names named after the destination connection id (in hex). Do note that these files can become rather large. Works with the ngtcp2 and quiche QUIC backends.
Used on VMS when trying to detect if using a DCL or a Unix shell.
If set, it is used as the --capath value. This environment variable is
If you set this environment variable to a filename, curl stores TLS secrets from its connections in that file when invoked to enable you to analyze the TLS traffic in real time using network analyzing tools such as Wireshark. This works with the following TLS backends: OpenSSL, LibreSSL (TLS 1.2 max), BoringSSL, GnuTLS, wolfSSL and directory. If the other, primary, variables are all unset. If set, curl uses the path "$USERPROFILE\Application Data".
XDG_CONFIG_HOME
If CURL_HOME is not set, this variable is checked when looking for a
The proxy string may be specified with a "protocol://" prefix to specify alternative proxy protocols.
If no protocol is specified in the proxy string or if the string does not match a supported one, the proxy is treated as an HTTP proxy.
The supported proxy protocol prefixes are as follows:
Makes it use it as an HTTP proxy. The default if no scheme prefix is
Makes it treated as an HTTPS proxy.
Makes it the equivalent of --socks4
Makes it the equivalent of --socks4a
Makes it the equivalent of --socks5
Makes it the equivalent of --socks5-hostname
There are a bunch of different error codes and their corresponding error messages that may appear under error conditions. At the time of this writing, the exit codes are:
Success. The operation completed successfully according to the
Unsupported protocol. This build of curl has no support for this
URL malformed. The syntax was not correct.
A feature or option that was needed to perform the desired request was not enabled or was explicitly disabled at build-time. To make curl able to do this, you probably need another build of libcurl.
Could not resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not be resolved.
Could not resolve host. The given remote host could not be resolved.
Weird server reply. The server sent data curl could not parse.
FTP access denied. The server denied login or denied access to the particular resource or directory you wanted to reach. Most often you tried to change to a directory that does not exist on the server.
FTP accept failed. While waiting for the server to connect back when an active FTP session is used, an error code was sent over the control
FTP weird PASS reply. curl could not parse the reply sent to the PASS
During an active FTP session while waiting for the server to connect back to curl, the timeout expired.
FTP weird PASV reply, curl could not parse the reply sent to the PASV
FTP weird 227 format. curl could not parse the 227-line the server
FTP cannot use host. Could not resolve the host IP we got in the
HTTP/2 error. A problem was detected in the HTTP2 framing layer. This is somewhat generic and can be one out of several problems, see the
FTP could not set binary. Could not change transfer method to binary.
Partial file. Only a part of the file was transferred.
FTP could not download/access the given file, the RETR (or similar)
FTP quote error. A quote command returned error from the server.
HTTP page not retrieved. The requested URL was not found or returned another error with the HTTP error code being 400 or above. This return code only appears if --fail is used.
Write error. curl could not write data to a local file system or
Failed starting the upload. For FTP, the server typically denied the
Read error. Various reading problems.
Out of memory. A memory allocation request failed.
Operation timeout. The specified time-out period was reached according
FTP PORT failed. The PORT command failed. Not all FTP servers support the PORT command, try doing a transfer using PASV instead.
FTP could not use REST. The REST command failed. This command is used
HTTP range error. The range "command" did not work.
HTTP post error. Internal post-request generation error.
SSL connect error. The SSL handshaking failed.
Bad download resume. Could not continue an earlier aborted download.
FILE could not read file. Failed to open the file. Permissions?
LDAP cannot bind. LDAP bind operation failed.
Function not found. A required LDAP function was not found.
Aborted by callback. An application told curl to abort the operation.
Internal error. A function was called with a bad parameter.
Interface error. A specified outgoing interface could not be used.
Too many redirects. When following redirects, curl hit the maximum
Unknown option specified to libcurl. This indicates that you passed a weird option to curl that was passed on to libcurl and rejected. Read
The server did not reply anything, which here is considered an error.
SSL crypto engine not found.
Cannot set SSL crypto engine as default.
Failed sending network data.
Failure in receiving network data.
Problem with the local certificate.
Could not use specified SSL cipher.
Peer certificate cannot be authenticated with known CA certificates.
Unrecognized transfer encoding.
Requested FTP SSL level failed.
Sending the data requires a rewind that failed.
Failed to initialize SSL Engine.
The username, password, or similar was not accepted and curl failed to
File not found on TFTP server.
Permission problem on TFTP server.
Out of disk space on TFTP server.
Problem reading the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?).
The resource referenced in the URL does not exist.
An unspecified error occurred during the SSH session.
Failed to shut down the SSL connection.
Could not load CRL file, missing or wrong format.
The FTP PRET command failed.
Mismatch of RTSP CSeq numbers.
Mismatch of RTSP Session Identifiers.
Unable to parse FTP file list.
FTP chunk callback reported error.
No connection available, the session is queued.
SSL public key does not match pinned public key.
Invalid SSL certificate status.
Stream error in HTTP/2 framing layer.
An API function was called from inside a callback.
An authentication function returned an error.
A problem was detected in the HTTP/3 layer. This is somewhat generic and can be one out of several problems, see the error message for
QUIC connection error. This error may be caused by an SSL library error. QUIC is the protocol used for HTTP/3 transfers.
A client-side certificate is required to complete the TLS handshake.
Poll or select returned fatal error.
A value or data field grew larger than allowed.
More error codes might appear here in future releases. The existing ones are meant to never change.
If you experience any problems with curl, submit an issue in the project's bug tracker on GitHub: https://github.com/curl/curl/issues
Daniel Stenberg is the main author, but the whole list of contributors is found in the separate THANKS file. >���?456789:;<=�������
������ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/ Unknown error %d
;� 1 X��� ��� �%��� �&��� �'��
�'��$
X1��T
�2���
HT���
�T�� �T��0 V��h XV��| x^��� �_�� �`��h (a��� l��
�q��T
Hr��h
�s���
�t���
�t���
�t�� �v��\ �x��� 8y��� H��� ���, ���H ����� ���� 8���� 8���� x��� H���D ����d ���� ����� 8��� ���d X���� ؎�� x���8 ����t ؑ��� X���� ����8 (���T ����� X���8 ����d x���� ����� h���< (���p ����� ��� h���X ����t (���� ����� ��� ����T ����� ����� (��< x��h ���� ���� ��H � ��� H
��� � ��� � ��� h ��8 ���� h��� ��� ���p ���� h��� ���� x��� ��� X ��@ ��� �+��� 8<��8 x<��T �@��� �C�� hF��P XP��� �P��� (Q��� xQ�� �Q�� �T��h hV��� �V��� �X��, �X��@ hY��` 8[��� h]��! �]�� ! 8^��P! �^��|! �^���! 8_���! �`�� " hd��P" �d��h" �d���" (e���" �e���" �e���" hf��# �g��T# (h���# �i���# q��@$ s��T$ �s��|$ ht���$ h{��% 8|��(% H|��<% X|��P% h|��d% x|��x% �|���% �|���% �|���% �|���% �|���% �|���% �|��& �|��& }��,& }��@& (}��T& 8}��h& H}��|& X}���& h}���& x}���& �}���& �}���& �}���& �}��' �}�� ' �}��0' �}��D' �}��X' ~��l' ~���' (~���' 8~���' H~���' X~���' h~���' ����4( ����( ���( ؆��) x���P) �����) H����) ��� * ����,* h���|* Ȍ���* �����* H��� + ؏��l+ �����+ ����, x���8, ����L, H���x, ؕ���, H���- X��� - ���`- �����- �����- ���(. (���x. x����. �����. ����. �����. ����. ����. (���/ 8���$/ H���8/ X���L/ h���`/ x����/ h����/ Ȯ���/ ����(0 8���t0 �����0 ���� 1 x���H1 8����1 X����1 h����1 x����1 ���� 2 ���� 2 ����42 ����H2 ����\2 �����2 �����2 X���3 ����83 ����3 �����3 ����3 8��� 4 ����H4 �����4 ����4 x��� 5 ���� 5 �����5 ����5 H����5 h����5 ���� 6 ����6 (���<6 ����p6 h����6 x����6 �����6 �����6 �����6 �����6 ����7 h���@7 ����`7 �����7 X����7 x����7 �����7 ����88 ����d8 ����x8 �����8 ����8 h����8 �����8 (����8 �����8 ����9 ���9 (���,9 8���@9 H���T9 ����h9 ����|9 (����9 �����9 ���� : ���8: ����L: ����`: h���t: �����: H����: �����: ����: h����: ���� ; ��� ; x���4; ����H; ����`; �����; �����; �����; �����; �����; �����; ���� < ���< ���(< (���<< 8���P< H���d< X���x< h����< �����< �����< �����< �����< ����< x���8= zR x � ��/ D $ 4 �
��� FJ w� ?:*3$" \ ��� t � ��K A�I , � � ��Q B�D�D �N
ABE 0 � �&��� F�A�A �G�X
AABE L � X(��`! F�H�B �B(�D0�D8�G��
8A0A(B BBBK 4 D hI��t E�F�D e
DAG ]
DAF | �I��! J�O� 4 � �I�� F�H�A �DP�
AABE � �J��; ` � �J�� F�B�E �E(�D0�A8�J�
8A0A(B BBBF ��K�F�C� 4 L �R��2 B�D�A ��
ABD NAB L � �S��� B�A�D �D0d
AABE G
FABH | CAB < � (T��� F�E�B �A(�A0�R
(K BBBF \ xT���
F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G�|
8A0A(B BBBE
�K�\�A� H t �^��� F�E�E �E(�A0�A8�J��
8A0A(B BBBF � �d��J @ � �d��� F�E�E �D(�A0�G@�
0A(A BBBH 0 $f��� F�D�A �G0l
AABF L �f��$ HV d �f�� H | �f�� F�B�B �B(�D0�A8�G��
8A0A(B BBBA H � �h��� F�E�F �B(�A0�D8�DP�
8D0A(B BBBF �i��� E�� < 0 lj�� O�B�A �A(�G0�(A ABBI���� $ p M�N�B �A(�A0��
(A BBBJ i
(A BBBH R(A BBB 4 z��� E�R�D
AD ( X �z��� E�D�J�W
AAD H � {��� B�I�E �E(�D0�A8�FPv
8D0A(B BBBE ` � �{��H F�B�B �E(�A0�A8�D@�
8D0A(B BBBF T8F0A(B BBB 4 4 �|��s E�D�G b
CAJ M
FAD 4 l �|��� B�D�A �V
ABH 1AB8 � 8~�� F�E�A �D(�J��
(A ABBC $ � ��= A�H�L eAA L 4��q B�B�B �B(�A0�A8�J��
8A0A(B BBBK H X d���, B�E�B �B(�D0�K8�J��
8A0A(B BBBF � H���� N��� L � ̌��t F�B�E �B(�A0�A8�G��
8A0A(B BBBC �
����� F�B�E �E(�D0�C8�G���F�S�A�
8A0A(B BBBE ��H�G�B���R�U�B���I�K�A� ( �
���J B�D�D �|AB , �
<���� B�D�D �
ABD @ ܖ�� B�D�D �D0e
AABI i
FABF ` D ����� B�B�B �B(�D0�D8�G@
8A0A(B BBBG a
8C0A(B BBBC 0 � $���� L�A�D �D@�
AABF H � ����R B�B�B �B(�A0�A8�D��
8A0A(B BBBH L ( ĝ��� N�L�D �G0A
AABF g
C�A�B�E ���� H x ���H B�B�E �J(�A0�D8�D��
8A0A(B BBBE � ��� A�Q 0 � ���� B�D�I �M�F
AABJ
x���k H (
Բ��z F�E�E �I(�G0�A8�D@u
8D0A(B BBBI H t
����1 F�E�B �B(�A0�A8�J��
8A0A(B BBBA H �
\���� F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�D`�
8A0A(B BBBK L ����% F�N�D �F(�D0�
(D ABBE [(D ABB H \ ����X B�D�B �B(�A0�A8�D`�
8A0A(B BBBJ ( � ����O B�O�H �rAB ( � ���h F�D�D �VAB d L���� O�F�F �B(�E0�D8�GP�
8F0A(B BBBD �8C0A(B BBBA������H h ����W F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G�Y
8A0A(B BBBH H � ����x F�B�A �A(�D0J
(A ABBB D(J ABB ( ����� E�A�D0�
AAG , ����8 @ ����E [_ H X ����� J�J�G W
M�A�H WAAG��H ��DJ�A� L � (���Y F�B�E �E(�D0�A8�G��
8A0A(B BBBD 8 � 8���� F�F�A �^
CBA Z
FBA ( 0 ����S J�D�D uDAA�� , \ �
�� F�D�C �K0� AABL � ����� B�B�B �E(�D0�A8�J�
8A0A(B BBBH � ���� K��
D � ����� K��
E ���� E�J��
AA 8 ����� K��
A ( T ����F A�A�J�i
AAI ( � ����� A�A�G b
DAH @ � ��� B�B�B �A(�C0�J�t
0A(A BBBH ` � ����
B�B�B �B(�A0�C8�G�
8A0A(B BBBG 7�A�E�I�I� L T ���_ B�E�E �B(�A0�A8�J��
8A0A(B BBBD � � ��6 E�l ` � ��z B�B�B �B(�A0�A8�DP�
8F0A(B BBBA F
8A0A(B BBBH H $ 8#��� B�B�B �E(�A0�A8�Lp�
8A0A(B BBBG H p �%��� F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�Dpl
8A0A(B BBBH L � (��� F�B�B �B(�A0�D8�I��
8A0A(B BBBE , �1��i K�D�A �K�A�B� < �1��V J�^
H UK� ` ,2��C t h2��F H � �2��� F�B�E �E(�D0�A8�D`�
8A0A(B BBBB < � (5��� F�E�D �A(�G@�
(A ABBE 4 �6��Z B�D�A �C
CBA AFB H L �6��� B�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G�a
8A0A(B BBBD � T8��Q � �8��q E�_
D P � 9��� F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G� I�!x
8A0A(B BBBA P |:��+ F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G� I�!a
8A0A(B BBBG t X<�� 0 � d<��� F�A�D �D@w
AABF ( � �<��� E�D�D@P
AAA � D=�� E�Y 0 H=��D E�D�G `
AAF DFA 0 8 d=��G F�A�A �DPy
AABG L l �>��� F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G�Z
8A0A(B BBBG � B��& MO $ � (B��U O�D m
CE IC � `B��' E�V
E F $ pB��n E�I�N LDA D �B��Y E�_
D m d �B��n E�\
G B8 � HC�� F�D�A �H
DIH F
ABG P � ,D��� O�I�D �K(�I0C
(C ABBE D(F ABBA���� H xD��i F�E�B �E(�D0�A8�G��
8A0A(B BBBH H ` �E��w F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G��
8A0A(B BBBA � �L��� $ � �N��� A��
H _
I [ � tO��l E�B
I [p �O��� F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G�P
8A0A(B BBBA �\�G�B�F�B�G�A�S� | PV��� � W�� � W�� � W�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� �V�� �V�� 4 �V�� H �V�� \ �V�� p �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� �V�� $ �V�� 8 �V�� L �V�� ` �V�� t �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� � �V�� �V�� �V�� ( �V�� < �V�� L P |V��E B�B�B �B(�A0�D8�L�]
8A0A(B BBBH H � |X��$ H�B�H �C(�G0�`
(D BBBJ �(A EBBH � `Y��� B�L�K �D(�G0`
(A ABBF �(D DBB H 8 Z��� B�E�E �B(�D0�A8�GP�
8A0A(B BBBD 4 � �]��� F�H�G �d
ABD KHD < � ^��< E�H�J �
JAL D
AAA xPH8 � _��� F�E�I �A(�G��
(A ABBB 0 8 t`��� F�G�F �G0j
AABH ( l a��� E�I�G0W
AAB L � ta��� F�G�A �I(�D0Z
(I OBBO D
(D ABBC 0 � �a��_ E�H�J c
GOH DAA 0 ! b��� F�D�D �Kp�
AABA 8 P! �b��� F�I�G �C(�G@r
(A ABBH H �! c��� F�E�E �B(�A0�D8�Gp|
8A0A(B BBBD D �! dd��� B�D�D �}
ABF A
ABD H
ABE L " �d��� F�B�E �B(�A0�I8�J�Q
8A0A(B BBBB 0 p" �g��� F�K�G �GPz
AABC �" 8h�� ( �" Dh��� N�m
E Q�H�K� 8 �" �h��� B�A�C �G
ABH W
ABF P # i��j H�E�E �D(�A0�t
(C BBBD D(D BBBA����� t# 8i��
@ �# 4i��� F�A�C �J�M
AABK S�O�H�D�L �# �i���
F�F�B �B(�D0�I8�G��
8A0A(B BBBI 8 $ �v��� S�B�A �D(�D0�(A� A�B�B�8 X$ �w��< F�B�A �D(�G@�
(A ABBF L �$ �y��5 F�B�B �B(�D0�D8�D�A
8A0A(B BBBE �$ �|��E H0w
A % �|��. % �|��6 ,% }�� @% }�� T% }�� h% }�� |% }�� �% }�� �% }�� �% }�� 8 �% }�� F�E�D �A(�G@Y
(A ABBJ 0 & �}��� F�D�D �G0j
AABE <& �~��U A�O ~
AA 0 `& �~��� F�D�D �G@�
AABF H �& X���� F�B�J �E(�A0�A8�F��
8A0A(B BBBB P �& ����p
F�B�B �B(�A0�A8�G�3
8A0A(B BBBF @ 4' ؎��� F�B�B �A(�A0�H@�
0A(A BBBC 8 x' ����� F�E�I �C(�D`U
(A ABBJ 8 �' (���� F�E�E �D(�D0��(K DBB H �' ���� F�B�E �H(�A0�A8�L`�
8A0A(B BBBA <( ���� P( |��� d( x��� x( t��� �( p��� �( l��� �( h��� ( �( d���+ B�D�F �OFE L �( h���� F�B�B �L(�A0�G8�D`}
8A0A(B BBBG 4 D) ���a B�B�A �A(�D0M(D ABB$ |) @���C E�A�D vAA L �) h���R F�B�B �B(�D0�A8�J�
8A0A(B BBBA L �) x���� F�D�B �B(�D0�D8�G��
8A0A(B BBBE D* ����% H Y \* ���, E�f 8 x* $���� F�K�H �H(�N�~
(A ABBA ` �* ����� B�E�V �H(�D0�D8�R@
8A0A(B BBBF l
8F0A(B BBBA H + ����j F�B�B �E(�D0�A8�J�y
8A0A(B BBBG d+ ���S x+ d���S ` �+ ���� B�E�B �B(�A0�A8�G@�
8A0A(B BBBF e
8A0A(B BBBA �+ l��� , x���) E�c , ���� 4 4, ����t F�G�A �p
ABG hAB l, ��� $ �, ܧ��, E�G�G IGD 0 �, ��� E�J�D q
CAH jCA �, 0���� K��
A �, Ԩ�� - Ш��& - ��� 4- ��� H- ��� \- ��� 4 t- ���h E�G�K c
AAD X
CAE �- ���5 a�S $ �- @���; E�G�G bDA 4 �- X���n K�H�G Z
DAG \FAE�� ,. ���� @. ����) J�S� D \. ���� F�B�B �A(�A0�G��
0A(A BBBH ( �. ����� A�G��
AC ND �. \��� �. h��� �. d��� / `���^ / ����V 4/ ����^ H/ D���� \/ ��� p/ ��� �/ ���� �/ ���� �/ ��� �/ ���H �/ (���* 0 �/ D���S E�F�G \
AAH UDA 8 0 p���[ J�G�G TAAB��P ��UDA X0 ����% 4 l0 ����V F�D�G �Q
VBF RAB �0 ح��� �0 d���5 �0 ����k �0 ���/ ( �0 ���� E�A�LP]
AAG 1 ����C H0u
A <1 ����b P1 ���[ d1 h���a x1 ��= �1 ���S �1 <���N �1 x���% H Y $ �1 ����� E�D0P
AF �1 ��� 2 ��� 2 ��� 02 ���� D2 ���� X2 ���� l2 ��� �2 ���
�2 ��� �2 ��� �2 ��� �2 ܱ�� �2 ر�� �2 Ա�� 3 ��� 3 ��� 43 ���� H3 ��� D \3 ���e F�E�E �E(�H0�H8�G@n8A0A(B BBB �3 8��� p� 0� ��) � � � "� %� "� %�
� -� � �� �� �� C�
� � � � X� U�
� �� �O l� � � !� ` � 1� ` 1� դ ڤ L� �; �� U� ]� c� k� p� ( u� 0 z� 8 � H �� P �� X �� h �� p �� x �� � �� � �� � �� �� �� �� @ �� ` �� � �� � ķ � ȷ � ̷ ѷ ַ � -
ٷ � � � �� � � � �6 � �P � � a *� � �6 �N 9 A E� C R� C
hH cE - A j� B
�� B �6 � � � D� K 4� D� O� C [� b b� c m� ^ z� C ~� B � d �� �� �� �� ! �� " n" # �" q$ �" % �" & �� ' ظ ( � ) �� * � + a# A , x# A - � . $ @ / � D0 "� B 1 &� 2 /� B 3 �" 4 �" 5 6� 6 C� 7 M� 8 �� f9 �% : #& ; 9& < L& = _� F> ( ? d� @ p� A |� B {( C �� D o) E �� PF * G ,* H �� A I _* A J �� B K �* A L �� A M + GN + gO ι P � Q [+ R �+ IS 7� HT �� hU �� V � W � B X �- Y �- 0Z �- [ . \ >. ] k. @ ^ �. @ _ 0 d � e %0 kf �) g $� +� h �0 4i $1 6j +O k �� jl �6 � m 8� n F� o �� p �� B q U� r `� s d� t i� u q� v �2 lw |� x 3 Ly �3 z �� { �� | �� } �� ~ 34 � M� �� � �� � h� m� 5 � I5 � g5 � P� n� ˺ � K6 � x6 :� ֺ � �6 � �7 � 8 � " � D8 � �� o� � � � Z� P9 � �� � � � �� " � �9 � Đ B � ^: � �: � �: � � � ; #� 7 � � � � %� � 3� � �� x� �; � �; � �; A � ?� C � L� C � Y� c � d� B � �� B � t� C � �< � �� � �< � = � >= � �� C � �� B � �= � �= � �� " � � B � �� � �= A � ƻ A � �� B � � R � � r � � r � L> @ � � "U� � � �> p� ʐ � '� Q� -� � � r� w� � �A � �U e� �A J� \B O� �B � C R� @C � �V X� 9� � H� � P� � }D � �D � V� � b� � q� � � �M
�M � K� T W� 6O d� iN B �� "u n� A T� �O v � V y� �� w ] D� ,� � � ˩ ,� I� T� [� _� �� s� L� Q� @ �� �� � դ �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � @ �� &� � :� >� K� P� ^� c� � q� ~� �� �� �� � �� @ �� �� � �� �� �O �� � � �� T� T� �
� �� � X� � *� �P �* �P � �P
�* � �P �P @ �P �* Q +Q RQ �* yQ �* �Q
�* �Q �* I� �* �Q �Q �Q �Q �Q �* �Q @ �Q �* R �* � R R �* (R �* VR 2R �* Q� @ wR �R �R �* �� P�* L� H�* �; @�* դ 8�* ڤ 0�* \� (�* :� �* K� �* �� �* p� �� � �� � �� � � � @ 0� 3� � I� 3 c� � n h� � � �� � �� �� � ' � � W 0� � o X� � � }� � �� � �� �� �� @ �� �� �� �� �� � � @� p� 4� R� X n� @ � �� � � �� � � �� E � �� A ! �� A O! �� A �! �� A )" � h" 1� � z" L� �" \� @ �" w� @ �� �� �� � �� 8� �� `� �� �� [# �� � r# �� � �# � $ �� �� 0� � @ �$ M� � % @� 9% [� � N% p� �% `� �� �� @ �% �� �% �� � & � 3& �� F& �� �� �� C ( (� C P� �� C D( � A p� � @ u( �� @ �( :� @ i) �� @ �) L� @ * f� @ &* |� @ Y* �� @ � �� �� @ � �* � @ � + 8� + h� �� �� @ -+ �� � U+ �� � �+ �� ` � �� , /� �, � - (� M- X� �- E� �- ^� �- k� . x� 8. �� e. �� �. �� �/ �� @ 0 �� � /0 �� �0 �� �0 �� �0 � 1 @� A1 �� A �� `� �� �� �� �� @ �1
� � �1 �� � �1 "� 32 � T2 H� � j2 :� �2 W� ` �2 x� 3 f� z3 �� w� �� * �3 �� �3 �� 4 �� -4 �� d4 �� �4 � B �4 � �4 (� @ 5 P� C5 *� a5 x� v5 �� 6 ?� E6 V� r6 �� �6 � � �6 � �6 H� �6 x� �6 o� 7 �� >7 �� � �� �� � �7 �� �7 � 8 �� + >8 0� R8 X� �8 �� �8 �� � J9 � � �9 x� � /� �� � �9 �� � �9 �� : � � X: @� A : p� A �: �� A �� M� � ; � � +; b� (� H� {� x� �� �� � �; �� � �; �� � �; � � < H� �� L< p� �� �� �� �� f< �� �� �< � �� �< �� �� �< �� �� @� h� � �< �� � = �� � 8= �� �� N= � �� e= �� �� �= �� � �= � � �= (� �� X� �� �� �� 0� �� �= �� �� � (� �� P� J� �� x� �� �� �� f� �� *> �� �� F> �� �� �� �� � v> � � �> 8� � �> �� ? `� @ p@ �� �@ �� ` �� �� � �A � �A � �A 0� VB X� �B �� C �� :C � dC .� B" D �� � L� dD 0� wD `� �D �� �D i� @ �� �� @ �� �� * 6E �� * EE �� dE � � �E @� @ �E `� � �E �� �E �� 6F �� � �F �� � �F � � G (� � 2G X� � GG �� � �� �� � �� � � �� H� �� h� @ �G � @*� H �� � RH �� � nH �� � �H %� @*� I � � 5� @� � ?I x ^I � kI S� � �I p� � �� �� � �I l� �I ~� �� �� rJ �� �J �� �J �� @ �J � � K �� � �K � � �K ,� � L D� � ,L Q� � dL ^� � qL ^� � �L q� � �L �� � �L �� � �L 0�
M �� � LM X� � fM �� � �M �� � �M �� � �M � �M (� �M �� N �� GN �� A cN � @ � 7� xN P� x� P� �O �� � IP ]� �� z� �R �� �\ � �� � � G� %� 'K 5K UK uK �K ;� R� � [� �� �� �� *� s�
3 H [ o � � � � � �
)
8
K
Z
n
�
�
�
�
�
� v �
0 L ^ H h ~ � � � � � ! 7 M d x � ���� � ���� � � � � �
�
0
A
R
d
~
�
�
0
A
R
d
6S `Q LS @ ` PN ZS `Q mS
`Q |S �O �S `Q �S `Q �S
�S �O
T �O T . `Q +O ' GT ( ) `Q VT ) * �O gT : `Q �T + �O �T , �O �T - �O �T 7 �O U . �O 1U / bU 4 / �O �U 5 B �O �U 9 `Q �U : < `Q �U 2 `Q �U 3 ( �O V �O V < 1 `Q 5V = G ` PN _V > ` PN sV �O �V ; �O �V ? ` PN �V @ ` PN �V A
` PN W B
�O $W D CW E cW 8 ` @M �W 4 ` @M �W * 3 ` @M �W 1 C ` @M �W 0 5 ` @M �W 6 A ` @M X 8 7 ` @M +X C 6 ` @M DX G 2 ` @M UX F D ` PN 6O `Q Y `Q �X `Q �X `Q �X `Q �X `Q �X `Q �X `Q vX `Q �X `Q Y `Q %Z `Q �Y % `Q �Y ! `Q �Y `Q ZY `Q �Y # `Q �Y " `Q �Y $ `Q %Y `Q JY `Q �Y & `Q Z H PN 9Z ? ` PN {_ �_ UK �_ �_ � < % t � � � � y
� 0 �d �d 0e �e �e = Y f ^ pf �f g hg �g �g 8h o �h �h 0i �i �i j Xj � �j �j 0k pk �k �k l � 0l `l �l �l � m Pm � �m �m n Xn �n �n (o �o �o p hp �p �p q Xq � �q �q 0r Xr �r s Ps � �s �s Ht �t �t u � xu �u v `v �v w Pw �w �w Hx 6 R �x �x e �x { (y �y �y z � pz �z { � H{ �{ � �{ � | X| �| � �| (} � � � P} �} �} � ~ � `~ �~ �~ @ & h 3 ? � I � R � \ H� h �� u � Ѐ � � `� � �� � 0� �� Ђ � p� � �� � h� �� � @� � �� � � h� � � �� � `� �� �� � (� �� �� � `� �� �� @� �� �� � h� �� �� @� � �� � 8� p� ȍ � `� �� �� 8� �� �� 0� �� 5 D А �� H� �� � 8� Q e �� t � В � p� � �� � @� �� �� � `� e �� ȕ � �� H� �� � 8� �� ȗ � h� �� � e � H� � �� Й � p� �� e � H� x� �� �� H� �� М � @� �� �� 0� e X� � �� � ؞ (� x� ȟ � h� e �� 2 ؠ C (� x� ȡ � @� �� Т � h� �� �� H� �� � V 8� �� إ (� x� e �� � 8� m `� �� � P� �� � 8� � �� ة (� � x� Ȫ � � h� �� � X� Q e �� � � � p� �� � `� �� خ (� x� ȯ � � h� e �� � 0� `� �� � P� �� � � @� �� � 0� p� �� � `� �� � P� � �� � @� �� з � p� �� � P� �� � @� �� e к � & H� �� � 0� �� 9 м � p� e �� � V � P� x� Ⱦ � h� e �� � n � p� �� � � `� e �� �� � � @� �� �� � p� �� �� 8� �� �� � `� �� � P� e x� �� � �� � p� �� � � e `� � � �� �� 0� �� �� � p� �� � @� �� �� 0� �� �� � (� x� �� - � h� �� �� G a w � � 8� X� � �� �� �� � p� � � �� � �� (� P� �� �� � � p� �� � e `� % �� �� � `� �� �� 8� x� �� � ? J h� �� Z �� � X� �� �� H� p� �� � X� �� �� u H� �� �� � `� �� �� e � � @� h� �� �� (� x� � �� � � h� �� � X� �� �� (� `� �� 0� J � (� � P� x� � �� � h� �� � X� �� �� (� x� �� � h� �� �� 0� �� � �� � p� �� � � X� �� �� H� �� �� � `� �� � � P� �� �� @� J �� �� �� � H� �� �� �� H� �� �� 8� �� �� � h� �� �� @� �� �� 0� @� p� �� J � 8� x� �� � P� �� �� @� �� ( �� � p� e �� �� 0� P� �� �� 6 @� �� I e �� (� W `� �� � e H� c x� �� � e h� �� � �� � h� �� � � X� �� �� (� Q e x� �� � �� � `� �� 0 X � � ( x � X � � @ � � 0 � � P � � J 8 h � � ( � � x `� e � ! @ ! � � � 0 x �
h
�
�
( x e � 1! N! � ( e! J x � �! �! � 8
h
�
�! P � � �! ` �! � � �! P � �! � P " � J � ` � � (" X B" x M" � � Z" X ? e � � g" X � � H e � � u" � H � � e 0 �" �" X � � H � � h � �" � 0 � � e @ �" p � H � � �" ` � e ( X � � � @ � � 0! e p! �" �! �! (" x" �" # e # P# �# .# �# $ `$ �$ `� e % 8% �% .# �% �% `$ H& `� e �& �& �% D# (' H' �' �' 8( `� J �( �( ) `) D# Z# �) �) �� H* �* �� 9 м �* 8+ e x+ � �+ q# �+ 8, �, �# �, �# (- x- � �# e �- � . �# �# X. �. �# �. H/ �/ �/ (0 x0 �0 �0 H1 # J �1 �1 2 H2 $ h2 #$ �2 3 X3 e 3$ �3 �3 (4 P4 �4 �4 N$ @5 �5 �5 6 @6 �6 f$ �6 07 �7 # J �7 8 z$ �$ @8 �8 �$ �8 �$ �8 �$ 9 H9 �$ �$ �9 �9 : �$ H: �$ �: �: ; X; e �; �; % < P< �< �< 8= e �= % 8% �= > X> �> �> (? x? ? e �? �? M% @ p@ h% �@ A `A �A �A ~% (B �� e xB �B �% �B @C �C �C D PD �D �D �% @E �6 �E # e �E F HF pF �F G `G �G �G 0H �H `� e �H I �% 8I �I �% �I (J xJ �J K hK �K �K �K HL �L �L �% e 8M `M �M �% �M N hN �N O XO �O �O 0P �P �P �P HQ & �Q �Q 8R e pR �R & �R 0S �S �S T hT �T U XU e �U �U V 2& (V hV �V W XW �W e �W X E& @X �X �X Y XY S& �Y �Y n& HZ �& �Z �Z 8[ �& e �[ �[ �& \ (\ x\ �\ �& ] �& h] �] ^ X^ �^ �^ @_ �_ �_ 0` �` �` a pa �& �a b
' `b �b ' �b 0c �c �c d Pd xd #' �d �d 8e he �e ,' �e E' #' 8f E' xf �f _' g hg �g o' �g 8h #' �h �h i Xi �i �i Hj �' �j �j �j �' �' k �' Xk �' �k �k 8l xl �l �' m Hm pm �m �m @n �n �n 0o �o �o p 0p hp �p e �p � q pq ( �q r Xr ? e �r � �r s @s �s �s 0t �t �t ( e u ,( C( `u �u v # e Pv ]( �v �v w Xw �w �w 0� e Hx �x t( �x y Xy �y �y e @z �( �( �z �z �( �( ({ p{ �{ �( �( | H| ) ) �| �| } .) h} ? J �} ~ @~ L) h) �~ �~ ( X � � 0� �� e �� Ѐ x) �) � p� �� � `� �) �) �� �) �) �� �) 0� �) `� �� � 8� �) �� (� x� ȅ 0� J � @� h� �� * Ȇ � h� �� � e 0� `� %* �� �� 0� �� �� � 8� �� e Ȋ =* X* � P� �� �� @� k* e �� �� �� � p� �� � `� �� e ؎ �* �* � p� �� �* � � �* e `� �* �* �� �� 0� �� ȑ � h� J �� В � P�
+ x� ȓ � h� + �� � X� �� e � � H� p� �� � @� �� �� 0� p� �� � `� �� `� e � @� ,+ x� Ț � @� �� �� 0� �� М � p� �� � I+ 8� �� 0� e ؞ � T+ (� x� ȟ � X� � l+ e �� �+ �+ � 0� �� С � e h� �� Ȣ � @� �+ �� � 0� �+ �� Ф � p� �� � `� �� � P� �+ �� � @� �� � 0� h� �� � 0� �� Ъ � � �+ p� �� �+ � `� �� � P� �� Э � e! J p� �� � � H� , �� ., د =, (� x� Ȱ Z, � r, h� �� � X� �� ز J �, �, �, �, �, � p� �� � e `� �, �� - �� � `� `� e �� 3- � L- 0� �� p� ж � c- p� �� � `� �� �� @� �� �� �� �� H� �- e �� ȹ �- �� 0� �� к � X� �- e �� ػ �- � X� �- e �� ؼ (� �- �- x� Ƚ e � @� �� . . . � 0� P� �� п � p� �� e �� � p� �� � 7. P� �� �� @� T. �� �� 0� �� �� e � H� �� �� 8� d. `� �� � q. P� �� �� � p� �� � |. `� �� �� e �� � p� �� � �. X� �� �� �. P� H� �. �� �� 8� �� e �� �� H� �� �� �� � P� �. �� �� @� �� �� � p� �� �� H� �� J �� � (� p� �� �. �� � � p� �� � `� �� �� / � h� �� �� / � 8� =/ `� Y/ �� �� � I e `� �� �� � f/ |/ � h� �� � H� �� �� �/ �/ �/ 8� p� �� �� � ? J P� �� �� � � �/ � X� �� �� H� `� e `� �� �� �/ �� 0� �� �� � � h� e �� �� 0 �� 8, @� �# �� �� 0� �� �� � `� �� � P� x� �� � X� �� �� e @� p� .0 �� �� H� F0 �� �� V0 h0 � (� p� �� �0 �� �0 0� �� �� � P� �� J �� � X� �� �0 �� �� H� p� �� � `� I e �� �� �0 (� x� �� � @� �� �� � 0� �� �� � X� �� �� H� �� �� 8� �� ? e �� � �0 H� �� �0 e �� � 1 1 `� )1 �� � P� �� e �� �� 1 @1 H� �� S1 a1 �� � @� �� � �� � X� �� �� (� x1 x� �� J � H� �� �� � �� �1 H� h� �� � X� �� �� (� x� e �� �� � @� �� �� ` � � �� e 8 p � � ( x � h � X � � 8 � ? e � �1 P � � @ p � ` � P� � P � � @
Q e �
�
�1 �
H � 0� e � �1 �1 ( x �
h
�1 �
2 X � ? e � 8 2 22 � E2 � ( x � # e H � S2 � 0 � � ` �Q � # e � �, i2 X � � @ � � 0 �2 � � h � � 8 � � ( J P � � � 0 �2 h � X � �2 � H � � ( x � X � � �2 p � ` e � � �2 � 0! �! �! " ? e p" �2 3 �" �" H# �# �# $ h$ �$ % X% �% �% 3 H& � �& �& 8' �' 03 �' (( =3 x( [3 HZ �( ) e P) x) �& y3 �) * h* �* �* 0+ �3 �+ �+ , J `, �, � �, - 0- �3 �- �- . p. �. / X/ �/ �/ H0 �0 �0 ? e 81 ]( �3 p1 �1 2 `� e `2 �2 �3 �2 (3 Q e x3 �3 4 �3 @4 4 �4 �4 05 `5 �5 6 e! e P6 �6 ,4 �6 7 X7 �7 �7 (8 h8 �8 9 X9 �9 e �9 H4 : _4 P: e q4 �: �4 �: ; X; �; �; < h< �< �4 = X= �= �= 8> h> �> ? �4 X? �? �? J H@ �@ �4 �4 �@ A XA �A �A ? e HB �B �4 �B C PC �C �C 8D pD �D E J `E �E �E 5 �E HF �F Q e �F '5 B5 G hG �G H XH �H �H (I xI �I �I HJ �J �J � O5 e K HK `5 xK �K L HL �L �L 8M �M e �M �M q5 8N �N �N (O xO �O P hP �5 �P �5 Q XQ �Q �Q �5 0R �R �R �5 �5 �5 S PS �S �S 8T �T �T (U e `U �U �U
6 V pV �V �� e �V 0W *6 D6 �W �W X pX e �X �X Z6 m6 Y hY �Y Z 8Z �Z �Z ([ P[ }6 �[ �[ J \ h\ �\ �6 �\ ] p] �] �] H^ �^ e �^ _ P_ �6 �_ �_ 0` �` �6 �] �` a e `a �a �6 �a b Pb �b �b 0c �c �c �c Hd �d e �d e �6 Pe �e 0c �e � �6 e f Hf �6 �f 7 �f g pg �g h e Ph xh �h 7 i Xi )7 0c �i �i Hj e pj �j =7 �j 8k �k �k (l 0c `l �l Q7 e m n7 0m Pm �m �m @n �n �n �7 0o �7 �o �o p �7 pp �p q `q �q ( e r �+ �7 8r �r �r (s xs �s �7 t ht �t e �t u hu �7 �u �u v pv e �v �v 8 w pw �w (8 x `x I e �x �x =8 (y xy �y �y (z xz ( e �z �z H{ M8 �{ �{ | p| �| �| } X} �} �} ~ P~ �~ �~ P � f8 � @� �8 �8 h� �� �� � �8 X� �� Ё � � p� �� K � X� �8 �� (� x� Ȅ � H� h� �� �� J � H� �� Ȇ � `� �8 �� �� � `� �� � �� e 8� p� �8 �� � X� ��
9 �� H� �� Ћ � �Q P� �� e ، !9 (� .9 I9 x� ȍ � h� �� �� 0� c9 �Q �� Џ e � `� �� �9 Ȑ � `� �Q �� e � 8� �� Ȑ �� � �9 @� �� �� � �9 �Q p� ( e �� �9 � �9 @� �� e ؕ � �9 8� �� ؖ (� �9 e x� ��
: �� 0� �� И � `� �� � P� x� Ț *: � A: H� �� `� J Л � � �� W: H� �� � 8� �� ؝ (� f: e x� �� ~: � @� � 8� �� ؝ �� �: e �� � �: X� �� �� ؝ H� �: e �� ء � @� �� � �: 0� �� У � �: p� �: �� � `� �� e � � 8� ; `� �� � @� �� � 0� �Q h� �� e �� � *; @� �� � C; a; 0� x� �) �� i; ~; � H� �� �� �; � H� �� ج (� x� �� � P� Q e �� خ � 0� �� ȯ � @� �� ذ � P� �� e �� ر � (� x� Ȳ � � h� �� � 0� e X� �� ȴ �; �� H� �� � � h� �� � P� x� �. p� �: ȷ � h� �� � 8� �� � �� � ع � h� �� � �; 0� �� л � # e p� �� �; � 0� �� e �� � � �; (� x� Ⱦ � h� e �� � ؿ �; ؠ � @� �� �� � h� �� � e 0� h� �� < �� �� &< 0� �� �� � ? e X� � �� =< K< �� (� x� �� � h� �� � X� � � �� ? e �� � @� �� �� � P� �� �� 0� Q e �� � �� e< �� H� x� �� �� � p� ? e �� �� (� �< X� �� �� 8� �< �� �� e �� � � X� �< �� �� 8� x� �� ? e � � `� �< �� �� (� x� e �� � �� (� P� �� �� @� �� �� � @� �� �� H� h� �� �� �� �� �% J H� � �� � �� � �< @� �� �� � h� �< e �� �� @� �� = �� � �� X� �� �� 8� �� �� e � P� H� �� #= 7= �� 0� �� �� � h� �� � X� �� �� � p� e �� � �� M= � X� �� �� e �� � 0� d= `� �� � � p� ? e �� �� �� �= � p� �� �� e � � X� �= �� �� @� �= e �� � �� �= � h� �� ? e � �� @� h� �� �� �� И � `� �� � P� �� 0� I J �� �� � � 0� X� �� Q e �� � 0� �= p� �� � `� �� �� (� x� �� �� @� e �� � �� �� � `� �� � e @� � �� �� �� �� @� �� �= �� � `� �� �� @� Q e �� � �� � 8� x� �� � X� �� I e �� � 8� �� 8� �� �� > H� x� �� I e � � `� )> 8� �� �� 0� X� �� e �� � �� E> � h� �� �� e � �+ h� �� �� (� x� �� �� H� �� �� 8� �� �� e �� X> u> � p� �� �� @ � e � �> @ � � 0 �> � � �> e p �+ �> � p � ` e � �> ? � 8 � � ( X � � ( X � � H p � ?
`
�
P 0? � =? � 0 x � S? � 0
x
j? �
�
�? 8 � � � ` �? � �? �? � 0 x � �? � �? @ 8 � @ &@ � 4@ X � J@ � e � U@ o@ ( x �@ � h ? e � �@ �@ � @ � �@ � �@ � �@ �@ 8 �@ p A � � 0 � � X � � H x � "A h � h� �� � X� �� � 8 �� e � � � X � 1A � H � CA � 8 � � \A ( x kA � �A h � � 8! �! �! �Q " Q J `" �" �" �" �A 0# �# �# $ e P$ �A �A x$ �$ % h% �% & ( J X& �& �& ' �A H' �' �' 8( h( �( �( 0) �) �) �A * p*
B �* + B `+ �+ , 8, �, �, (- x- e �- 3B QB �- 8. hB �. �. (/ sB x/ �/ 0 h0 �0 �B 1 X1 �B X} �B �1 �1 H2 �2 �2 83 �3 J �3 �3 (4 �B x4 �4 5 h5 � �B e �5 �B 3B C �5 @6 �6 � "C e �6 7 9C H7 �7 �7 PC 88 �c �8 �8 e 9 X9 _C �9 �9 : {C �C `: �: �: 8; �; �; �C < X< �C �< �< 0= x= �= �= @> �> �> �C ? �C �C `? �C D �? D �? D 0@ ? J �@ �@ �@ D A `A �A B �9 : 8B 0� e �B U@ �B �B HC �C �C 8D �D �D J @� YJ `� �� e е �" qJ � P� �� � ? e @� x� �J �� � @� �� � e � X� �J x� ȹ � h� �� � �J X� �� �� 8� �� ؼ J � `� �� Ƚ �J � P� �J �� � �J @� �� � �; 0� �� �� � p� �� �� H� �� �� 8� x� �� �� H� �� e �� � K P� �� �� 0� !K h� /K 9K OK YK oK yK �K �K �� ? J �� � P� �� �K �K �� @� �� �� � �� �� � �� e X� �� �K �� (� x� �� � h� �� e � �K L �� �� @� �� �� e �� �K +L �� � `� �� `� e �� AL _L �� H� �� e �� �� �� @� KI pL �� L �� 0� �� �� e � �L �L @� L �� �� �� �� e � P� �L x� L �� �� �� � e X� P� �L �� L �� 0� �� (� e `� �� �L �� � �L X� �� �� H� �� �� e � � M P� �� �� @� x� �� � M �Q h� Q e �� �� 8� 4M KM P� �� �� �� �� � X� x� �� � M �Q �� e �� � h� eM �� �� 0� �M �� �� � �Q P� �% e �� �� �M � h� �� �� 0� �Q h� �� e �� 0� �M h� �M �Q �� � e @� �� �M �� � (� x� ? e �� � �M 0� h� �� � X� �� �� 0� �� �� � P� �� �� 0� ? �� �� � p� �� f � H� �� �� � H� h� 8� �� �� (� x� �� J � 8� p� �� �� �M 0� �� �� � p� �� � `� ? e �� � �� N (� X� �� �� H� �� �� 8� x� �� � h� �� �� 8� `� �� � P� �� �� � p� �� � P� J �� /N �� � FN @� �� �� � `� �� �� J (� `� �� �� � P� ^N �� �� 0� �� �� � e `� �� �� �� � `� �� �� H �� H� �� �� 8� p � � H � � ( p � 8 � � ( �� e x � sN � p � � 8 � � # e X � � � 0 � � H �N � � 8
h
�
�N X � � H � �N � 8
�
�
( x � h �N � � 8 � � �N P � � 0 � � �N O X O � %O � O 0O H O x :O � O � DO h O � PO � e ( eO ` �O � � 0 �O �O �O �O �O �O �O �O P ` � � ( ` � P � � p � � @ P � � H � � 2P x� �� � M 8 � � ( �E �Q x � e 0 � DP � ` � � @! WP �! �! 0" �" �" hP # vP p# �# �# 8$ �P x$ �P �$ �$ �P �P 8% �P x% �P �P �% & �P �P �P Q P& �& %Q 3Q LQ WQ sQ �& Q ' �Q (' �Q X' �Q �' �Q �' �Q �' �Q �Q (( p( �Q �( �Q �( �Q �( 0) R X) �) R �) "R * P* ,R p* >R PR [R qR �* R �* �R + �R e �R H+ p+ �+ �+ �R , �� e h, �, �R �, - p- �- . �R `. �. / P/ �/ �/ (0 X0 �0 �0 H1 �1 S �1 82 �2 �2 (3 x3 �3 4 84 S �4 �4 5 p5 �5 6 `6 �6 0S �6 7 h> �> �> �S ? h? T �? �? T @ %O 0@ -T AT x@ �@ PT �@ aT 0A nT {T xA �A �T �T B �T @B �B �T �T �B U C U +U XC �C 9U �C D XD �D �D PU \U 0E xE zU �U �E F PF �U xF �F G �U 8G �U xG �U �U �G �U ? H V 0H V /V xH �H I DV YV PI �I mV �I (J V XJ �V �J �J �V (K �V �V pK �V W �K L W 8L +W =W 8L �L �L JW �L @M ]W �M �M sW �W N XN �W �N �W �W �N O �W PO �O �O (P �W PP �P �P (Q X X pQ �Q R HR %X �R �R S >X PS OX �S �S T hT cX 0O �T pX �T �X (U �X hU �X �X �U �X �U �X 8V �V �V �X W �X @W �X �W �X Y �W Y X 1Y DY XX 1Y TY �X hY �Y �X 1Y �Y 0Y 1Y �Y xY �Y Z �Y HZ 1Y �Y �Z 1Y �Y �Z hY �Y [ 1Y �Y h[ �[ Z Z �[ @\ 3Z p\ �\ ] H] AZ p] �] ^ `^ �^ ZZ _ pZ @_ yZ �Z �_ �Z �Z �_ �Z ` �Z H` �` �Z �Z �` �Z a �Z Pa �a �Z �a b �Z 8b �b �Z �b [ �b 8c �c �c [ &[ d /[ :[ C[ Z[ Xd c[ m[ �d v[ �[ �d �[ (e pe �[ �e pe �[ �e �[ f �[ Xf �f �f �[ g Pg �[ xg �[ �g �g �[ h �[ �[ `h �h �[ \ �h \ i \ \ hi �i �i "\ j hj �j +\ 3\ �j <\ P\ hi @k Y\ d\ �k m\ �\ �k �\ �\ l �\ �\ `l �\ �l �l �\ �\ (m �\ �\ Xm ? e �m �m �\ n @n �n �n 0o �o �o p Pp �p �p @q �q e �q r �� ] Pr ] �r �r 0s �s �s "] (t Xt �t �t �t u pu @] �u �u 8v pv �v w ^] `w �w �w (x Hx �w px �x �x y Xy �y �y Hz p] �z �z �] { p{ �{ �] �{ @| �] x| �| } 0} �} �} ~ p~ �~ �] �] �~ H � ^ � � ^ >^ `� �� � P� �� W^ ȁ b^ � @| �^ �{ @| �^ `� �� � P� �� �^ �^ �z �� @� x� �� �^ �^ �� H� p� ȅ �
_ P� _ _ �� ,_ Ȇ ;_ �� K_ � Z_ @� j_ p� ȇ � v_ @� }_ �_ �� �_ �_ �_ �_ �� �_ � `� �� �_ �� �_ 8� �_ �_ �_ �� ` Ȋ � h� ` �� � ` +` P� 3` =` �� �� E` � 3` M` h� U` \` �� d` o` � X� w` �` �� �` �� �` 0� �` �` �� �` ȏ � h� �` �� �` �` �� �` �` 0� �` X� a ��
a !a �� 0� )a p� 1a Ma �� Ua �� ]a 8� ea p� ma �� ua � }a �a �a 0� �a p� �a �� �a �� �a @� �a �a �� �� �a �a �a
b 0� b x� b �� "b Ȗ *b � 2b � :b 8� Bb `� Jb �� Rb Zb xb З �b �� �b 0� �b X� �b �b �� �b И �b �� �b �b �b �b �b c %c -c Dc � Lc `� Tc �� \c Й dc � lc tc �c 8� �c X� �c �� �c �� �c К �c �� �c 0� �c h� �c �� �c �� �c � �c � p� �c �c �� � �c d d H� &d �� .d �� 7d � @� ?d h� �� Ed � X� Nd Sd id sd O ` m ~ � � � � � � � � 0 : a 2 �
X� ��) ��) ���o 0 h p
� `�* � � � ���o ���o ` ���o ���o 4 ���o $ P�* @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� е � � � � � 0� @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� ж � � � � � 0� @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� з � � � � � 0� @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� и � � � � � 0� @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� й � � � � � 0� @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� к � � � � � 0� @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� л � � � � � 0� @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� м � � � � � 0� @� P� `� p� �� �� �� �� �� н no ssl ��* �� �� h� GA$3a1 � �� GA$3a1 �� e� curl-8.22.0-3.el8.x86_64.debug .>��7zXZ �ִF ! t/��?�)] ?�E�h=��ڊ�2N��
����&'?�l��Wo�N�r����Lg _��� Ơuh��)�:�0 g �oF�LA� �ܲ`�S�jnA]iy+�h��9��� D���E���'�oS� � � ״M��2���g Ds�K1p ����yٗtSs��h }��v� �c��4��b
��7�����u5���AIH^�0�t3}dӪZV�,� �� ��,z����d+��se�~��F� �ͦ�n��J(>I��V��aӛ_:1�����-y�6RY�M��.�4o�g��0I�5�u%Y�W���I2|$�[< �B��O�ʄ�.�x ��"�ʊj��8� ��K倮ftif!�eԂF��܁�m���� ԴH�����o�,�^�n�e�d�W�g )/v�W�<� q���'�L��Q��TL&_%9{�_<DE�>>T���(�8Ж�\Y� W�S�E�� �>a�\���4+�
f�[�zd�R��T���0g��ħ����P�S�� c@e�Cy_N���6ͬ�e��C$���}�)�����J�2�]�E�����)���1���4&��PG",��z]8d(�F7��s3��_�=�)o�9R�K{G�ӕl�*����SQ�]Y�'CXp �§ĝB:�?��F9XVtq�PHp�bvx�1Z��A�� �-�g'�讻�Cs� ���(��Ʌv�� ��;�m�#���D�� 7�I|����
�|Z��|����l �<9�ȴ���F�dE(e�d�y���^冾�/�N��)�w^�&`X�����@W�
�c���_��n���K*�$m=7 �����Y�[H*�4�趀�Mn��2\�z�:�� �f�D���(�Ef�r���̲Um��?���I/o���ʃ>��0�-��'���Xn}��� �S�̛SxC�b���ߋ�� �{4*H-��I�� L;W�4c)�I���1 �w � �#'҇�@ �O��K���#�˶��n���D�c��k-���d�����ҷL��O��R����V�� J?���4�����z��1> ~1U;I?�;��[/ �5��^6��Q�Ga�@u �A�봌�S ܞ�q`�8U����d ����c�t�+|,=�6�a�89�" b*�)dٽ*a��f��50R�k�{�0��j@F�@p{եK O�X�v��<=�- �Z�k�3?rv�ӵ>Zlr..�O�o�Z=a~-ͤ����+��Ի��ִc;���C״�eE\�ww�1�F�3x�{���F�����n��v��F!6{0!K�0 V_B��W)a�C����s���^q���)�g��+��%�G/�t�-�k����h� 6���e�ڜU D|�T�B��\HMC���zՁM�2 ����?�U��z-�\㻺�� �Ĵ�߅��T3S�2�L'F$7FK�?C j�(�T����ع����fpO��=y�&�'> 6n�ӌ7�|�r��d�U���.�=Z�0�n��v�+��\PP����c'��+�
���z}Kv�?��^ȉ�/�p��
}�.��\T% ���z� �i��~��/0�҈���VL{R�t�D�3���Q��4��Ό?䨺�x��o�&�Ϙ\����s
���DA� ЯU��z_�g���r����Uj�:[!� BF�7����@g��:B��2f ���$�V�lq> ��x|��T�19��鯽 ������=�ɚe#��#��:�Nn2���o� zj�ؠEm1�$�1ţ+����L���8 �W=0"
m��?����d�) du �i`w�.x�y�|_V�u��v�V
92�_�{ ���Z:b��β�r*��R�P�_G�`X��y���d3<3��
�ѭ���:��� �"��T��ʜ��� ��]8{��y���� m��By\K�},���SDG�bzH���� �@U!=�
[�
8� ������^&ɾ���c��D$a�΅ [�k������s�FP��'-�ꇎj!ʗ�^ ז����q8<�\z��H�)�oǒ�� ��vYʥ����&�c���D��%���� k��Y�� �N+= M�:�|K�\��>�({3*P
5� �?���o�����E�!E�,�7�}�߄J@{p� ��mվ߸?�\��Zj�4!K�F��5&�C<# �Ҡ���[ ]m�XQ"��R}_�>�%�+c���?E�� +���)�Z�[�p�����m����k�t�Cq�� ��m� �9(�������/D��*6������nØ�
�e%�ǥ�>�[�T���2_�Qr�QY���x���*��R���HĹ����{�lg�rs���0�ZӀ����>?W>a2���m˧�x��]N��f5�`��57 H�W�����ȏv����$�ǣ���{��5rt? R��ŋ�C���1���a� �Ll�YK�E��E����C��7��F?%*�jFΧ>$`
]&�u �{�0����)YڈHA�����:�j �Z��$�M{sq ,�T0cP��V�+ �E��E�, �v?`(I>��B�\��̹�]����m�� |䮈>�Az�\\� ���@�<_ɷzVs �Ʃ�rNy+����=>���5ށɂm���L��p�!Ⱦ���5���*b ��ꥨ?4N��@Q����7JZ����/��oԜ��g�cO}�K��f�S����@���^.{J�d��z ���~$u ��Tl�r�Ov&��O"���Rw4F�p�y�Aܷ��b�q)ܛ
���W���-t Z&O��ZH�}dd��-I���ڪ|�b�ĕ~�V#;���)��C�����T�Go���>t�% � �u.(�<
1=�P�}9�������d����.���
[{���S<�<�Њ����kc ��sIQ�������k������ �T�� rUcC�y |����@)���ʏ��#.�+eo���^���w��E�Ot� �
�͕��mG�v�cs
G�_�,C� �R�[�I�W�M�9[~�)�|��23W�'� �B�3�oX��D��D�[�2���f�E=����Y
���� ��X��hwv\='����җ~p6��g��!�%���?.zJ1v���[,M�z)z�y�����\7f1x�W�/aH��Bݪ�~�g}?IW@l��:��?����c,�� ��� L��M��w�
�:n.����I�p�\�+�b=l��|6"+�'���/���j_��(H�/_����1��
�D�0����&v2��$\���L��u�K�'� ����+�������c_��/� T$
�vص>v�J6oh1<�+g���O ��ȶ ~y� � � �\���g� YZ .shstrtab .interp .note.gnu.property .note.ABI-tag .note.gnu.build-id .gnu.hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rela.dyn .rela.plt .init .plt.sec .text .fini .rodata .eh_frame_hdr .eh_frame .init_array .fini_array .data.rel.ro .dynamic .got .data .bss .gnu.build.attributes .gnu_debuglink .gnu_debugdata � � � � & � � 4 $ G ���o 0 0 < Q p p �
Y h h � a ���o 4 4 * n ���o ` ` � } � � B � � � � � � � 0� 0� � � � � � � �� �� �� � X� X�
� �� �� W � ؠ ؠ � � p� p� �3 � ��) �� � ��) �� � ��) �� p� � P�* P�
� `�* `�
� � �* �
� ��* ��
�
��j ��
H ��
$ / �
l ��
>